Heart Failure / Cardiac Patho Test 2/2 Flashcards
Heart failure is the inability of the heart to ______________ and therefore oxygen delivery to peripheral tissues and organs.
Supply adequate blood flow
Under perfusion of organs leads to reduced exercise capacity, fatigue, and shortness of breath. It can also lead __________________(e.g., renal failure) in some patients.
organ dysfunction
_____________new cases of heart failure each year worldwide
15 million
_____________ new cases of heart failure diagnosed each year in the USA
600,000
Heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalization of patients over
65
Once chronic HF is diagnosed: What are the One year mortality figures for the following?
Severe chronic HF =
Moderate chronic HF =
Mild chronic HF =
Severe chronic HF = 50 - 60%
Moderate chronic HF = 15-30%
Mild chronic HF = 10%
Intrinsic diseases
CAD, Cardiomyopathies
Extrinsic diseases
HTN, volume loads, hormonal disorders
The number one cause of heart failure is
CAD
Another common cause of heart failure is
MI
which is the final and often fatal culmination of CAD.
What percentage of MIs are fatal ?
1/3
Causes for acute HF?
CPB Sepsis Acute MI Valve dysfunction Arrhythmias
Causes for chronic HF where the development is slow and the heart has time to adapt?
Hypertrophy, dilation
Acute effects of moderate HF?
Reduced CO
Damming of blood in the veins
Compensation for acute effects of moderate HF?
- Sympathetic response
- Recovery
- Renal retention
Sympathetic nervous receptors such as the Baroreceptors are activated by?
Decreased arterial blood pressure
Chemoreceptors are sensitive to what?
Changes on blood chemistry such as CO2, O2, and pH.
Low C.O. has a profound effect on ?
Renal function
Fluid retention
Fluid retention can be beneficial in increasing pressure gradient causing venous flow of blood toward the heart and what else?
Distends the veins, reducing resistance
Left heart failure is the result of what?
Systolic failure = Loss of contractile power
Diastolic failure = loss of ability to relax and fill
Know as restrictive CMP
Loss of ability to move venous blood through the pulmonary circuit
Right HF occurs when the left heart has failed
Left side heart failure signs and symptoms.
Elevated PCWP Pulmonary congestion Restlessness Confusion Orthopnea Tachycardia Exceptional dyspnea Fatigue Cyanosis Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Right side heart failure (cor pulmonale) signs and symptoms.
- Fatigue
- Increased peripheral venous pressure
- Ascites
- Enlarged liver & spleen
- JVD
- Anorexia / GI distress
- Swelling in hands and fingers
- Dependent edema
