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Bioscience II > Heart Failure and Circulatory Shock > Flashcards

Heart Failure and Circulatory Shock Flashcards

1
Q

heart failure

A

heart has an issue with pumping effectively

can’t meet the body’s needs in the moment

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2
Q

compensatory mechanisms

A

only temporary
interconnected
work harder in an injured heart
makes matters worse if they last too long

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3
Q

natriuretic peptides

A

gradual change of cardiac and fibrous tissue
changes the property of the heart chambers
due to an increase in muscle, it requires more oxygen, but a thicker wall decreases wall stress

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4
Q

Frank-Starling

A

the more work you do, the more work you get
only works to a point
increased EDV

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5
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

A

secreted when kidneys aren’t getting enough blood flow

retains water, therefore increasing vascular volume

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6
Q

sympathetic reflexes

A

HF elicits a high working SNS, which creates a high HR and increased contractility

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7
Q

vascular tone

A

helps increase perfusion pressure

gives a person a BP

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8
Q

symmetrical hypertrophy

A

chamber size and wall thickness increase at a proportional rate
commonly seen in aerobic athletes

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9
Q

concentric hypertrophy

A

caused by aortic stenosis and HTN
wall thickness is much greater than the chamber size
decrease in stroke volume

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10
Q

eccentric hypertrophy

A

thin wall and big chamber
aortic regurgitation
increase in wall stress

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11
Q

high output classification

A

heart can’t meet the demands of the body

anemia is a cause

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12
Q

low output classification

A

common classification
decreases in CO
LVD

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13
Q

right-sided classification

A

blood backs up in the RA and goes back out into the systemic circulation

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14
Q

most common classification

A

low output, systolic, left-sided heart failure

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15
Q

ejection fraction

A

amount of blood ejected during a contraction
55-65% is normal
50-55% is mild
30-50% is moderate, increase in 5 year mortality

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16
Q

left-sided HF symptoms

A 
dyspnea
orthopnea
LVD
cyanosis
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
blood tinged sputum
elevation in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
17
Q

right-sided HF symptoms

A 
dependent edema
cyanosis
distention of jugular veins
ascites
GI complaints
anorexia
elevated peripheral venous pressure
fatigue
18
Q

common signs and symptoms of HF

A 
cyanosis
muscle wasting (cachexia)
malnutrition
fluid retention
SOB with exertion and other pulmonary symptoms
altered/limited exercise tolerance
19
Q

diuretics

A

decreases the vascular volume, therefore decreasing congestion
allows for changes in dosage with regards to body weight
Lasix (loop)
can decrease BP

20
Q

digoxin

A

taken orally
increases contractility, making the heart pump more effectively
shuts down Na-K+ ATPase
diminishes symptoms with SOB

21
Q

beta blockers

A

decreases SNS input

22
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

prevents the production of these hormones and therefore decreases the amount of fluid in circulation

23
Q

aortic balloon pump

A 
inflates with diastole and deflates with systole
increases aortic arch pressure
decreases demand
very temporary (days-1 week max)
stay in bed
used after CABG or acute MI
24
Q

LVAD

A

pulls blood out of LV and goes to aorta
wire comes out of body and connects to battery pack
can go home with this
used to be a bridge therapy before transplant

25
Q

impella

A

similar to LVAD, but temporary

26
Q

circulatory shock

A

failure of circulation to maintain adequate perfusion of vital organs
pt is usually hypotensive and tachycardic
aerobic metabolism shifts to anaerobic

27
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

impaired O2 delivery and perfusion due to HF and/or impairment in contractility

28
Q

hypovolemic shock

A

loss of blood volume

causes are burns, GI distress, blood loss (trauma)

29
Q

obstructive shock

A

uncommon
impairment in preload
pericardial tamponade

30
Q

vasodilatory/ distributive

A

vessels are so dilated, they create a very low BP
decreased perfusion
septic shock is the most common form

31
Q

PT observations with shock

A

pts are usually cool, clammy, cyanotic
poor renal output
altered mental state (unresponsive, comatose, confused)
increased levels of lactic acid in blood

32
Q

septic shock

A 
most common vasodilatory shock
bacteria in bloodstream
most commonly linked to complications
40% mortality
problem with systemic vascular resistance
very strong vasodilatory response
33
Q

complications of shock

A 
adult respiratory distress syndrome
acute renal failure
GI complications
disseminated intravascular coagulation
multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

Bioscience II (3 decks)

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