Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Heart FIlure > Heart Failure > Flashcards

Heart Failure Flashcards

1
Q

Heart failure

A

Failure of the heart as a pump to meet the circulatory needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Names of heart failure

A

Chronic
Congestive heart failure
Congestive cardiac failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What may heart failure be caused by ?

A

Failure of the heart muscle or failure of the heart valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Characteristic of heart failure

A

Chronic or acute (post MI)

Secondary: IHD (Ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, cardiomyopathies (alcohol viral )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is heart failure precipitated by?

A

Pregnancy
Anaemia
Hyper/hypothyroidism
Fluid retaining drugs - glucocorticoids, NSAIDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How can valvular heart failure be treated?

A

Easily - surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can chronic heart failure be a consequence of?

A

MI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is cardiac function governed by?

A

Preload, afterload and muscle contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is impaired muscle function usually caused by?

A

Ischaemic heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does hypertension contribute to heart failure?

A

Cardiac enlargement increased work of the heart and lessens ejection fraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can cause hypertrophy

A

Increased afterload - hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does the body try to compensate for circulatory failure?

A 
Neurohormonal adaptation, activation of:
Sympathetic nervous system 
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
ADH
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which adaptations cause heart failure to be worse?

A

Activation of

SNS, RAA, ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is ANP

A

Atrial Natruiretic Peptide
Released by failing atria
Acts on kidney, promotes excretion of Na
Positive effect on circulatory system - circulatory volume increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does angiotensin II do?

A

Increases blood pressure - vasoconstriction and Na retention
Acts on adrenal gland to produce aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does RAA make things worse?

A

Increased resistance - impaired renal function, more salt/water retention with further activation of RAA system
Increased fluid
Increased after load
Further impairs pump activity of the heart
Leads to myocyte dysfunction

17
Q

Describe left-sided failure

A

Often secondary to hypertension

LV impaired, leads to increase in left atrial/pulmonary venous pressure with pulmonary oedema

18
Q

What is pulmonary oedema?

A

Accumulation of fluid in the tissue of the lungs

Leads to swelling

19
Q

How does an oedema form?

A

Increased venous pressure,opposes reabsorption of fluid

Fluid accumulates in the tissues

20
Q

Describe right-sided heart failure

A

RV output fails

Often due to lung disease, pulmonary valvular stenosis

21
Q

Describe biventricular failure

A

Both chambers
Disease (IHD) has affected both ventricles
LVF leads to pulmonary congestion, may lead to RVF

22
Q

Signs and symptoms of heart failure

A 
Fatigue, listless
Poor exercise tolerance (determines grade)
Cold peripheries - vasoconstriction 
Low blood pressure?
Reduced urine flow
Weight loss
23
Q

LV failure signs and symptoms

A 
Pulmonary oedema
Dyspnoea – sensation of drowning
‘Cardiac asthma’
Cough - wet 
Orthopnoea
Nocturnal problem? (paxosysmal nocturnal dyspnoea)
Inspiratory crepitations
24
Q

RV failure signs and symptoms

A

Raised venous pressure
Increased JVP
Enlarged liver
Oedema – ankles; if lying down rises to thighs/abdomen

25
Q

Why does Orthopnoea occur?

A

Lying down promotes venous return which causes oedema

26
Q

Upon auscultation what would you hear if there is LV failure?
And why?

A

Crackles

Pulmonary oedema

27
Q

How to diagnose heart failure

A 
Symptoms
Examination
Echocardiogram - ejection fraction <45%
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Chest x-ray
28
Q

In right ventricle failure why is the oedema in ankles?

A

Gravity

29
Q

What is an echocardiogram?

A

Ultrasound of the heart

30
Q

How is B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) used to diagnose heart failure?

A

Blood test
Elevated levels means heart failure
Released by failing ventricles - to act on kidneys to excrete Na

31
Q

How to determine on chest x-ray is there is heart failure?

A

Enlargement of heart (50% bigger -cardiothoracic thing)
Pulmonary oedema - fluffy
Pronounced lymphatic vessels

32
Q

What can LV failure lead to ?

A

/valve failure
Increased pressure in left atria
Leading to distension, leading to AF
AF (stasis of blood), leads to thrombus which may dislodge and move to cerebral circulation

33
Q

How to treat LV failure leading to Af to stroke

A

Prophylaxis, warfarin, DOACs

34
Q

Prognosis of chronic heart failure

A

Depends on stage: 1 = no symptoms 4 = breathless at rest
Poor
Median survival rate of mild/moderate failure of 5 years

35
Q

Goals of treatment

A

Identify / treat any cause (valvular disease; IHD)
Reduce cardiac workload
Increase cardiac output
Counteract maladaptation
Relieve symptoms
Prolong quality life – reduce hospitalisation

Heart FIlure (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions