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Heart FIlure > Events Of The Cardiac Cycle > Flashcards

Events Of The Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the valves of the heart

A

AV valve tricuspid - separates right atrium and ventricle
Pulmonary - right ventricle and lungs
AV valve (mitral) bicuspid - left atrium and left ventricle
Aortic valve - left ventricle and aorta

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2
Q

Volume output of rhs and lhs

A

Volume output = the same

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3
Q

Pressure generated of each side

Why?

A

LHS: 120 mmHg
RHS: 30 mmHg
Lungs have lower resistance circulation compared to the rest of the body

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4
Q

What determines the direction of flow?

A

Unidirectional valves

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5
Q

What opens/closes the valves ?

A

Pressure differences across them

Eg. Higher pressure on lhs

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6
Q

Describe what happens in atrial systole

A

Rise in atrial pressure (AV valves open) and atria empty blood into ventricles
Aortic pressure decreases
Left ventricular pressure increases as some blood is pushed through and therefore LV volume also increases

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7
Q

When describe what happens in isovolumetric ventricular contraction

A

Ventricular pressure < aortic therefore aortic valve shut
Aortic pressure still decreasing
Left atrial pressure decreases and ventricular increases, exceeds it, therefore AV valve closes

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8
Q

When is the first heart sound?

A

When the AV valves closes when ventricular pressure exceeds atrial

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9
Q

Describe ventricular ejection

A

Ventricular pressure > aortic pressure
Therefore aortic valve opens and blood ejected
This causes aortic pressure to rise (but is still less than ventricular)
LV volume decreases by around 50%

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10
Q

Describe isovolumic ventricular relaxation

A

Ventricular pressure < aortic pressure therefore aortic valve closes
Ventricular pressure still > atrial therefore AV valve still shut
(Pressure falls but no filling)
Atrial pressure increasing again due to volume of blood entering

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11
Q

Describe ventricular filling

A

Ventricular pressure < atrial pressure therefore AV valve opens again and blood enters the ventricle

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12
Q

When is the second heart sound?

A

When aortic valve closes

Ventricular pressure < aortic

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13
Q

When will fluid flow?

A

When there is a pressure gradient

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14
Q

What is p wave associated with?

A

Atrial systole

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15
Q

What is QR wave associated with ?

A

Ventricular depolarisation

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16
Q

What is RS wave associated with?

A

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

17
Q

What do pulsation of internal jugular vein reflect? And why?

A

Right atrial pressure changes

No valves present

18
Q

Describe the ACV wave of jugular venous pulse

A

A - rise in pressure associated with atrial systole
V - rise in pressure as atrium fills during ventricular systole
C - pressure wave during isovolumetric ventricular contraction causing bulging of AV tricuspid valve

19
Q

What happens to the JV pulse if there is heart failure on RHS?

A

higher

20
Q

Potential 3rd sound of heart

A

Vibration of ventricular wall filling

21
Q

4th heart sound

A

Associated with ventricle filling during atrial systole

22
Q

When does the aortic valve open and close?

A

Opens during systole and closes at the start of diastole

Dup

23
Q

When does the mitral valve open and close?

A

Opens during diastole closes start of systole

24
Q

What occurs between lub dup

A

Systole

25
Q

What happens between dup and lub

A

Diastole

26
Q

What can abnormal heart sounds be caused by ?

A

Excessive noise causes turbulence
Due to: high flow, flow in different directions
1. Stenosis
2. Leaky/incompetent valve

27
Q

Stenosis

A

Narrowing which creates a steep pressure gradient (high flow across valve)
Noise during systole, when valve opens
Eg. Aortic stenosis

28
Q

Leaky valve

A

Flow can occur in different directions
Murmur when valve should be closed
Eg. Aortic regurgitation (diastolic murmur)
Shh after dup

Heart FIlure (9 decks)

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