Heart Failure

Question 1

Vasodilatory molecules in heart failure:

Answer 1

ANP
BNP
PGE2
PGI2
NO

Question 2

Major cause of heart failure in Africa and Asia

Answer 2

Rheumatic heart disease

Question 3

Important cause of heart failure in African and African-Americans

Answer 3

Hypertension

Question 4

Major cause of heart failure in South America

Answer 4

Chaga’s disease

Question 5

Mortality rate of symptomatic heart failure in 1 and 5 years:

Answer 5

30-40%

60-70%

Question 6

Stimuli for cardiac remodeling:

Answer 6

1. mechanical stretch
2. neurohormones
3. inflammatory cytokines
4. Peptides and growth factors
5. Reactive oxygen species

Question 7

Changes that occur in the cross-bridges during cardiac remodeling:

Answer 7

1. decreased in the expression of alpha-myosin chain
2. increased expression of beta-myosin chain
3. myocytolysis
4. disruption of the cytoskeletal links between sarcomeres and extracellular matrix

Question 8

Changes that regulate excitation-contraction include:

Answer 8

1. decreased the function of SERCA2A
2. decreased calcium uptake into the SR
3. hyperphosphorylation of the ryanodine receptor
4. Calcium leakage from SR

Question 9

Increased adrenergic activity as a compensatory mechanism results to:

Answer 9

1. sinus tachycardia

2. peripheral vasoconstriction (cool extremities, cyanosis of the lips)

Question 10

Normal jugular venous pressure

Answer 10

= 8cm

Question 11

v waves indicate

Answer 11

Tricuspid regurgitation