Heart Failure Flashcards
4 CHF pathophysiology changes or phenomena
1) reduced CO
2) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)
3) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)
4) Adverse remodeling: chronic stress signals stretching, Angiotensin II, catecholamines–> hypertrophy–> less contractility
HFrEF is associated with
volume overload (systolic dysfunction) stroke volume goes down, LV End Diastolic Volume (LVEDV) goes up
HFpEF is associated with
pressure overload: diastolic dysfunction
both SV and LVEDV go down
Adverse remodeling also includes
a-MHC to B-MHC so heart is less able to contract from hypertrophy
Compensatory Mechanism in CHF
increase CO, so increase preload to increase EDV, and EDPressure
But this is useless, and makes it worse from chronic B1 receptor and Ang. II stimulation. It’s a positive feedback cycle–>increased problem
Tx of systolic CHF
1) Reduce cardiac workload (loose weight, lower activity level, smoking cessation)
2) decrease preload (decrease Na+ intake)
3) Reduce BP, pre- and after-load (ARNI, ACEI, ARB)
4) Once stable (on RAAS agent) reduce myocardial contractility (low dose B-Blocker then work upwards)
5) Decrease pre-load with diuretic
6) For low EF, give aldosterone antagonist to protect against fibrosis
what was that again? (simplified tx of systolic CHF)
1) lifestyle changes (salt, weight smoking) 2) ARNI, ACI, ARB 3) B-blocker 4) Diuretic 5) Alodsterone antagonist
what is contraindicated in systolic CHF
Calcium Channel Blockers
Tx of Diastolic CHF
1) Rate control with carvedilol or metoprolol (beta blockers) to improve filling during diastole.
2) CCB can decrease contractility and let the ventricle fill better, and slow the rate down through the AV node as well.
Nelprilysin
- seen in ARNI
- degrades ANP and BNP by reducing renin secretion, and increasing NA excretion and vasodilation.
Aldosterone antagonists
Spiralactone*
Eplerenone
Spironolactone’s MOA
blocks aldosterone receptor, so increases Na (less Na reabsorption).
- decreases excretion of K (K-sparing)
- inhibits P-glycoprotein
MOA of Eplerenone
same as Spironolactone but more selective for aldosterone receptors.
effect of concentration of aldosterone antagonist
low concentrations are protective against fibrosis
Contraindications for Spironolactone
renal insufficiency
adverse effects of spironolactone
hyperkalemia (esp with ACEI)
- gynecomastia (block progesterone/ androgen receptors) (may be a good side-effect for trans women)
- sexual dysfunction
Indications for Spironolactone
CHF, low doses protective against myocardial fibrosis
name 2 ACE Inhibitors
Captopril
Enalapril
MOA of ACEI
blocks conversion of Ang I–> Ang II
- decreases vasoconstriction and after load
- decreases aldosterone secretion so less Na reabsorption, so less water/preload
- Protective against adverse remodeling
what do you have to do with ACEI
monitor K, BUN, creatine because they have renal effects
contraindications for ACEI
pregnancy, renal artery stenosis
adverse effects for ACEI
dry cough (increases bradykinin) hyperkalmeia angioedema renal insufficiency (decreased GFR) hypotension in AA
what are the two ACEI again?
Captopril and
Enalapril
Indications for “Cap’t Prill” and “Ina La’Prill”
Those ACEI nicknames sound SO EUROPEAN right?= memory tool for not to use with AA patients due to worse outcomes
CHF, HTN, Post-MI
DM nephropathy
“-prils”
ACE Inhibitors
ARBs
Angiotensin II receptor blockers include:
Candesartan
Valsartan
all the “-artan”s
Shworak showed the Irish Gravedigger with the artan ARBs accent