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Cardiology > Heart failure > Flashcards

Heart failure Flashcards

1
Q

How is heart failure defined?

A

Cardiac output is inadequate for the body’s requirements

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2
Q

What is systolic failure?

A

Inability of the ventricle to contract normally resulting in reduced cardiac output and ejection fraction <40%

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3
Q

What is diastolic failure?

A

Inability of the ventricle to relax and fill normally causing increased filling pressures. ejection fraction >50%

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4
Q

What causes systolic failure?

A

Ischaemic heart disease
MI
Cardiomyopathy

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5
Q

What causes systolic failure?

A

Constrictive pericarditis
Tamponade
Restrictive cardiomyopathy

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6
Q

What causes diastolic failure?

A

Constrictive pericarditis
Tamponade
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Hypertension

N.B. systolic and diastolic failure usually co-exist

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7
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

Left and right sided heart failure occurring concurrently

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of left ventricular failure?

A 
Dyspnoea
Poor exercise tolerance
Fatigue
Orthopnoea
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
Nocturnal cought, sometimes with pink frothy sputum
Wheeze- cardiac 'asthma'
Nocturia
Cold peripheries
Weight loss
Muscle wasting
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9
Q

What are the symptoms of RV failure?

A 
Peripheral oedema
Ascites
Nausea
Anorexia
Facial engorgement
Pulsation in neck and face (tricuspid regurgitation)
Epistaxis
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10
Q

What are the causes of RV failure?

A

LVF
Pulmonary stenosis
Lung disease

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11
Q

What is the definition of acute heart failure?

A

New onset or decompensation of of chronic heart failure characterised by pumonary and//or peripheral oedema with or without signs of peripheral hypotension

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12
Q

What is chronic heart failure?

A

Heart failure which develops and progesses very slowly. Venous congestion is common but arterial pressure is maintained well until very late

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13
Q

What is low output heart failure?

A

Cardiac output is low and fails to rise normally with exertion

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14
Q

What are the causes of low output heart failure?

A

Pump failure:

  1. Systolic and/or diastolic heart failure
  2. Reduced heart rate- e.g. due to beta blockers, heart block or post MI
  3. Negatively ionotropic drugs e.g. most anti-arrhythmic agents

Excessive preload

  1. Mitral regurgitation
  2. Fluid overload e.g. NSAID causing fluid retention. Fluid overload may cause LVF in a normal heart if renal function is impaired or big volumes are involved e.g. IVI running too fast. This is more common if there is simultaneous compromise of cardiac function, and in the elderly

Chronic excessive afterload

  1. Aortic stenosis
  2. Hypertension
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15
Q

What is high output failure?

A

Output is normal or increased in the face of increased need. Failure occurs when needs are greatly increased and cardiac output cannot meet these needs. It will occur with a normal heart but even earlier if there is heart disease. It is rare.

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16
Q

What are the causes of high output heart failure?

A 
Anemia
Pregnancy
Hyperthyroidism
Paget's disease
Arteriovenous malformation
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17
Q

What are the ‘major’ Framingham criteria?

A

PND
Crepitations
S3 gallop
Cardiomegaly (cardiothoracic ratio >50% on chest radiography)
Increased central venous pressure (16cmH2O at right atrium)
Weight loss >4.5kg in 5 days in response to treatment
Neck vein distention
Acute pulmonary oedema
Hepatojugular reflux

18
Q

What are the ‘minor’ Framingham criteria?

A 
Bilateral ankle oedema
Dyspnoea on ordinary exertion
Tachycardia (heart rate >120/min) 
Decrease in vital capacity by 1/3 from maximal recorded
Nocturnal cough
Hepatomegaly
Pleural effusion
19
Q

According to the Framingham criteria, what does diagnosis of CHF require?

A

Either 2 major criteria
OR
1 major criteria in conjunction with 2 minor criteria

20
Q

General signs of heart failure?

A 
Exhaustion
Cool peripheries
Cyanosis
Reduced BP
Narrow pulse pressure
Pulsus alternans
Displaces apex- LV dilation
RV heave- pulmonary hypertension
Murmurs of mitral or aortic valve disease
Wheeze- cardiac asthma
21
Q

What investigations should be carried out?

A

BNP + ECG: if both are normal heart failure is unlikely

If either is abnormal, an echo is required

22
Q

What features are seen on the CXR of a patient with heart failure?

A 
Alveolar oedema (bat's wings)
kerley B lines (interstitial oedema)
Cardiomegaly
Dilated, prominent upper lobe vessels
pleural Effusion

(ABCDE)

23
Q

What drugs may exacerbate heart failure?

A

NSAIDS

Verapamil

24
Q

Why do NSAIDS exacerbate heart failure?

A

They may cause fluid retention

25
Q

Why does verapamil exacerbate heart failure?

A

It is a negative ionotrope

26
Q

What underlying illnesses/conditions may cause and/or exacerbate heart failure?

A 
Anaemia
Thyroid disease
Infection
Hypertension
Pregnancy
27
Q

What lifestyle advice might you give a patient with chronic heart failure?

A

Stop smoking
Reduce salt intake
Optimize weight and nutrition

28
Q

What drugs are routinely used to treat chronic heart failure?

A
  1. Diuretics
  2. ACE inhibitor
  3. Beta blocker
  4. Spironolactone
29
Q

What diuretic drug(s) should be given in heart failure? What are the benefits?

A
  1. Loop diuretics: furosemide or bumetanide

2. Reduce risk of death and worsening of heart failure and relieve symptoms

30
Q

What are the side effects of Loop diuretics?

A

Hypokalaemia (if K is <3.2mmol/L, patient is predisposed to arrhythmias. Also CI for digoxin therapy due to increased digoxin toxicity); renal impairment

31
Q

What is the main problematic side effect for patients of ACEi? How is this dealt with?

A
  1. Cough

2. Angiotensin receptor blocker may be used as a substitute e.g. Candesartan

32
Q

What are the benefits of using beta-blockers in heart failure? How should they be administered?

A

Decrease risk of mortality and have an additional benefit when used with ACEi’s in patients with HF due to LV dysfunction.

Should be adminstered with caution ‘start low and go slow’ i.e. start on a low dose and wait at least 2 weeks between each dose increment.

33
Q

What drugs might be used in patient show are intolerant of ACE-i and angiotensin receptor blockers?

A

Vasodilators: combination of hydralazine and isosobide dinatrare

34
Q

What is the major side effect of hydralazine?

A

Drug induced lupus

35
Q

How should a patient with severe oedema and HF be managed?

A

Daily weighing- aiming for weight loss of 1kg/day
If weight is not checked daily, a fluid balance chart should be filled in aiming for a negative balance of 1kg/day with fluid restriction of 1-1.5L per day

36
Q

On examination what may be found in a patient with heart failure?

A 
SOB
Chest pain- worse when lying flat
Swollen legs
Distended abdomen- ascieties
Crackles in lung
Raise JVP
May be displaced apex beat if heart is enlarged
37
Q

What is a possible cause of intractable heart failure?

A

Poor compliance?

Taking drugs but at a suboptimum dose

38
Q

How is intractable heart failure managed?

A

Switching furosemide to bumetanide may help- absorption may be better.

Consider admitting for:

  1. Strict bed rest + Na and fluid restriction (<1.5L/24 hours)
  2. Metolazone and IV furosemide
  3. Opiates and IV nitrates may relieve symptoms
  4. Weigh daily. Do frequent U&Es (beware low potassium)
  5. Give DVT prophylaxis: heparin + TED stockings
39
Q

What is the main biomarker of heart failure? Why is it used? What is its prognostic value?

A

Plasma BNP. It is closely related to LV pressure and reflects myocyte stretch. Its secretion is increased in heart failure. The higher the BNP the higher the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality

40
Q

What is the diagnostic threshold of the biomarker for heart failure?

A

BNP>100ng/L diagnosis heart failure

BNP < 50ng/L rules out heart failure

41
Q

Is BNP higher in systolic or diastolic dysfunction?

A

Higher in systolic than isolated diastolic but highest in those with systolic and diastolic dysfunction

42
Q

What are the main causes of heart failure?

A 
Coronary arery disease
Hypertension
Cardiomyopathy
Valve disease
Arrhythmias
Other: Paget's, thyrotoxycosis

Cardiology (18 decks)

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