Heart Failure

Question 1

How many people in the UK are living with heart failure

Answer 1

900,000

Question 2

Which of the following neurohumoral changes occurs in heart failure

Increased endothelin production
Decreased nitric oxide production
Decreased release of vasopressin
Decreased angiotensin ll production
Decreased renin production

Answer 2

Increased endothelin production

Question 3

Where is nitric oxide made in the body

Answer 3

Endothelium

Question 4

What is the role of nitric oxide

Answer 4

Venodilator

Question 5

Endothelin 1 efffect on the heart

Answer 5

Increased ionotrophy
Hypertrophy
Fibrosis
Inflammation

Question 6

Which one of the following occurs more commonly in HFpEF than HFrEF

Eccentric left ventricular remodelling
Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy
High E/A mitral Doppler flow velocity
Low ventricular mass to volume reactor
Significantly raised NT pro-BNP

Answer 6

Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy

Question 7

In HFpEF which one of the following haemodynamic changes occurs

Increased luistropgy
Increased left ventricular end diastolic vol
Increased left ventricular end diastolic pressure
Increased stroke volume
Increased left ventricular compliance

Answer 7

Increased left ventricular end diastolic pressure

Question 8

In acutre heart failure with reduced ejection fraction which one of the following occurs

Decreased preload
Decreased left ventricular end diastolic volume
Decreased left ventricular end - systolic volume
Decreased left ventricular end diastolic pressure
Decreased left ventricular stroke volume

Answer 8

Decreased left ventricular stroke volume

Question 9

Which of the following is a clinical predictor from HFImp EF

Male sex
Age >70 yrs
History of Ischaemic heart disease
History of renal failure
History of atrial fibrillation

Answer 9

History of atrial fibrillation

Question 10

Natriuretic peptides produce which of the following

Increased arterial bp
Increased blood volume
Increased central venous pressure
Increased left atrial pressure
Increased vasodilation

Answer 10

Increased vasodilation

Question 11

Which of the following increases BNP

Renal failure
Obesity
Beta- blockers
Ace inhibitors
Male sex

Answer 11

Renal failure

Question 12

What electrolyte abnormality is most likely to occur in patients with congestive cardiac failure

Answer 12

Hyponatraemia
Hypokalaemia