Heart Failure

Question 1

What type of heart failure does severe anemia cause?

Answer 1

High-output heart failure

Question 2

What is the likely diagnosis in a patient on dialysis via AV fistula that develops progressive weakness and exertional dyspnea with widened pulse pressure, tachycardia, and brisk carotid upstroke?

Answer 2

High-output heart failure

Question 3

S3 gallop is a sign of:

Answer 3

fluid overload (ie, heart failure, mitral valve disease)

Question 4

S4 gallop is a sign of:

Answer 4

decreased compliance (ie, hypertension, aortic stenosis,
diastolic dysfunction)

Question 5

Patients with CHF often have preferential vasoconstriction of ___ renal arterioles

Answer 5

efferent

Question 6

What is the likely diagnosis in a hypertensive patient with symptoms of CHF with LV hypertrophy and an ejection fraction of 55% on echocardiography?

Answer 6

Diastolic heart failure (HFpEF)

Question 7

What is the most common cause of right heart failure?

Answer 7

Left heart failure

Question 8

Prominent pulmonary vessels, patchy bilateral airspace opacities, blunting of the costophrenic angles, & fissure sign are CXR findings in what pathology?

Answer 8

Acute decompensated HF (left-sided HF)

Question 9

How do the following parameters change in LV systolic dysfunction (CHF)? Cardiac output:
Systemic vascular resistance:
Left ventricular EDV:

Answer 9

Decreased
Increased
Increased

Question 10

Multiple myeloma may lead to deposits in tissue, causing:

Answer 10

Primary (AL) amyloidosis

Question 11

Causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy include:

Answer 11

amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, post-radiation fibrosis, and eosinophilic syndromes of the heart (Löffler endocarditis, endomyocardial fibrosis)

Question 12

he combination of restrictive cardiomyopathy and macroglossia suggests:

Answer 12

AL amyloidosis

Question 13

What electrolyte abnormality parallels the severity of heart failure and is an independent predictor of adverse clinical outcomes?

Answer 13

Hyponatremia

Question 14

Do mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (e.g. spironolactone, eplerenone) prolong life in heart failure?

Answer 14

Yes,
NYHA stage II-IV heart failure and a LVEF <35%

Question 15

Drugs that improve prognosis in patients with HF include:

Answer 15

Cardioselective β-blockers, ACE inhibitors, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs), hydralazine with isosorbide nitrate, and SGLT2 inhibitors

Question 16

What is the most common cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)?

Answer 16

Chronic uncontrolled hypertension

Question 17

Serum brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is used to distinguish congestive heart failure (CHF) from ____

Answer 17

ARDS

Question 18

Assessing _______can help distinguish cardiac disease from hepatic disease in a patient presenting with bilateral lower extremity edema and ascites

Answer 18

Hepatojugular reflux:
A positive hepatojugular reflux indicates impaired relaxation of the right ventricle and consequent inability to accommodate an increased venous return