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critical care exam 2 but better > heart failure > Flashcards

heart failure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the #1 reason for hospitalization of patients age 65 and older?

A

heart failure

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2
Q

What is the definition of heart failure?

A

Inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the tissues for oxygen and nutrients

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3
Q

what controls heart rate

A

Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

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4
Q

What are the components of stroke volume?

A

Preload, afterload, contractility

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5
Q

what is preload

A

Amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole → venous return of blood, compliance of ventricular

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6
Q

what is afterload

A

Amount of resistance to the ejection of blood

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7
Q

what is contractility

A

Percentage of blood volume in the ventricles at the end of diastole that is ejected during systole

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8
Q

what is systolic heart failure

A

Impaired contraction of the heart, low EF, left-sided systolic heart failure

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9
Q

what is diastolic heart failure

A

Impaired filling of the heart stiffened and noncompliant heart muscle, normal EF

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10
Q

which heart failure is more common (systolic or diastolic)

A

systolic

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11
Q

what does BNP indicate

A

how much the chambers stetch

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12
Q

what is the most accurate method of identifying chronic heart failure

A

BNP

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13
Q

what does BNP do

A

reduces systemic blood pressure by reducing afterload

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14
Q

what is ventricular remodeling

A

Heart compensates for the increased workload to increase the thickness of the heart muscle (ventricular hypertrophy)
Enlarged myocardial cells become dysfunctional and die early → leaving the other normal myocardial cells struggling to maintain CO

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15
Q

what are the symptoms of left sided heart failure

A

lung symptoms

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16
Q

what are the symptoms of right sided heart failure

A

the rest of the body

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17
Q

what is the ending for ACE inhibitors

A

Pril

18
Q

what do ACE inhibitors do?

A

Relieve the s/s of HF and significantly decrease mortality and morbidity of HF

19
Q

What are the side effects of ACE inhibitors?

A

Angioedema (rare allergic reaction), dry cough, and hyperkalemia

20
Q

What is the ending for ARBs?

A

Sartan

21
Q

why would an ARB be prescribed

A

Patient couldn’t tolerate ACE inhibitors

22
Q

what are the side effects of ARBs

A

Hyperkalemia, hypotension, and renal dysfunction

23
Q

why would a nitrate be prescribed

A

Patient couldn’t tolerate ACE inhibitors

24
Q

what does nitrate do

A

venous dilation lowers preload

25
Q

what does hydralazine do

A

lowers systemic vascular resistance and left ventricular afterload

26
Q

what heart failure medication should be prescribed to a patient with poor kidney function

A

hydralazine

27
Q

what is the ending for beta blockers

A

olol

28
Q

what does a beta blocker do

A

reduces the sympathetic nerve stimlation (lowers HR)

29
Q

what are the side effects of beta blockers

A

Tired and inability to get it up
Patient may feel worse at the beginning

30
Q

how should furosemide be given and why

A

Very slow push, worried about ototoxicity

31
Q

what diuretic is potassium sparing

A

spironolactone

32
Q

what are the side effects of diuretics

A

Electrolyte imbalances, symptomatic hypotension, hyperuricemia (gout), and cardiorenal syndrome

33
Q

what is cardirenal syndrome

A

resistance to diuretics

34
Q

what is the most common digitalis

A

digoxin

35
Q

what is the first sign of digoxin toxicity

A

vision changes

36
Q

what are the signs of digoxin toxicity

A

Vision changes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, depression, malaise, changes in heart rate or rhythm; onset of irregular rhythm, sagging ST

37
Q

what should be monitored alongside digoxin and why

A

Serum potassium, hypokalemia enhances digoxin and could lead to toxicity

38
Q

What is a positive inotrope?

A

amiodarone

39
Q

what are the benefits of amiodarone

A

Improved cardiac output, stroke volume

40
Q

what is the risk of amiodarone

A

Increased myocardial oxygen consumption

critical care exam 2 but better (8 decks)

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