Heart failure Flashcards
1
Q
What is clinical syndrome?
A
Progressive weakening of the heart as a pump, causing changes finally leading to death by loss of myocardial cells and arrythmia
2
Q
Prevalence of HF (2)
A
- 0.4-2%
- 6-10% above 65 years old
3
Q
Classifications of heart failure (4)
A
- acute / chronic
- forward / backward
- systolic / diastolic failure
- left / right sided
4
Q
EF of healthy individual
A
55-75%
5
Q
How to tell if it’s systolic / diastolic dysfunction based on the EF?
A
- systolic : < 35%
- diastolic : 35% - 50%
6
Q
Physical findings for left sided backwards failure (4)
A
- pulmonary rales
- dyspnea
- orthopnea
- paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
7
Q
Physical findings for left sided forwards failure (2)
A
- weakness, fatigue
- nycturia
8
Q
Physical findings of right sided backwards failure (3)
A
- edema, hydrothorax
- congestive hepatomegaly
- distension of neck veins
9
Q
Underlying causes of HF (4)
A
- IHD
- Hypertension
- Diabetes
- Cardiomyopathies
10
Q
Diagnostic options for HF (4)
A
- anamnesis, complaints
- ECG, chest X-ray
- Biomarkers
- Echocardiography
11
Q
Biomarkers used for the diagnosis of HF (4)
A
- BNP : brain natriuretic peptide
- NT-proBNP
- ST2 : stress marker for myocytes
- hs-TnT : cardiac troponin T
