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biology fourth form > Heart disease, health Pathogens and communicable diseases > Flashcards

Heart disease, health Pathogens and communicable diseases Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What happens in coronary heart disease

A

layers of fatty material build up in the coronary arteries, which narrows them. this reduces blood flow through the coronary arteries resulting in a lack of oxygen for the heart muscle.

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2
Q

what happens to some people as a result form getting coronary heart disease

A

their heart valves may become faulty preventing the heart valve from fully opening or a leak is caused.

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3
Q

What are the consequences of faulty heart valves

A

you will feel more tired because blood isn’t being pumped around your body efficiently
Also less respiration

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4
Q

How can you solve a faulty heart valve

A

You can get a pacemaker or a biological new heart valve

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5
Q

What can be done in the case of heart failure

A

a donor heart and or lungs can be transplanted. Artificial hearts can be used whilst waiting for a donor

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6
Q

Define health

A

Health is the state of physical and mental well-being

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7
Q

What’s the diff between communicable diseases and noncommunicable diseases

A

Communicable diseases are highly infectious and can be transmitted from person to person through physical contact but non-communicable cant.

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8
Q

What are the effects of alcohol

A

It damages the brain
It can cause liver disease
Social issues e.g. risky behavior, aggression, excess calorie intake, e.t.c
It impairs fetal development(unborn babies

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9
Q

What are the effects of smoking

A

NICOTINE
Increased risk of heart attack and stroke
damages lining of arteries
increased heart rate + narrows blood vessels

CARBON MONOXIDE
reduces oxygen carry capacity of blood by binding to hemoglobin

TAR
increased risk of chest infections, + bronchitis

lung disease + lung cancer

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10
Q

What are the effects of a bad diet (not enough calories)

A

You slow down your metabolism
feel sluggish
colds
potential constipation

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11
Q

What are the effects of a bad diet (lack of vitamin + minerals)

A

Deficiency diseases - e.g. Vitamin A and C deficiencies
The body produces RBCs that are too big and don’t work properly, therefore, their ability to carry oxygen is reduced resulting in fatigue shortness of breath, and dizziness

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12
Q

What are the effects of a bad diet (excess salt consumption0)

A

high blood pressure
heart disease
stroke
calcium loss

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13
Q

What are the effects of a bad diet (excess fat consumption)

A

raises ‘bad’ LDL cholesterol in the blood = increased risk of heart disease and stroke

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14
Q

What are the effects of a bad diet (excess consumption of calories [especially sugars])

A

type 2 diabetes
weight gain

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15
Q

Define a benign tumor cell

A

Benign tumors cells are growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area usually within a membrane. They don’t invade other parts of the body. They are only dangerous if they go somewhere else in the body where they can damage other cells.

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16
Q

Define a malignant tumor cell

A

Malignant tumor cells are cancers. They invade neighboring cells and spread to different parts of the body through blood where they form secondary tumors. They must be removed.

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17
Q

What are the lifestyle risk factors of cancer

A

Smoking
obesity
not using sunscreen + tanning beds
Genetics (inheriting faulty genes)

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18
Q

describe cancer (cell wise)

A

One Malignant tumor cell will multiply through mitosis and cell division, soon the tumor will grow and possibly spread through the blood causing uncontrolled growth and division.

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19
Q

What are pathogens

A

Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious disease

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20
Q

Name 3 viral diseases

A

Measles
HIV
TMV(tobacco mosaic virus)

21
Q

Name 2 Bacterial diseases

A

Salmonella
Gonorrhoea

22
Q

Name one fungal diseases

A

Rose Black spot

23
Q

Name a protist disease

A

Malaria

24
Q

How do you control Malaria (protist disease)

A

Preventing vectors, mosquitos, from breeding and using mosquito nets to avoid getting bitten

25
Q

How is malaria spread

A

Vectors (Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious pathogens between humans, or from animals to humans)

26
Q

What type of disease is malaria

A

Protist disease

27
Q

What type of disease is Rose Black spot

A

Fungal disease

28
Q

How is Rose black spot spread

A

Through the environment by water and wind ( only a plant thing)

29
Q

How can you reduce or stop the spread of Rose black spot

A

By destroying and removing affected leaves
by using fungicides

30
Q

What type of disease is gonorrhea

A

Bacterial disease

31
Q

What type of disease is Salmonella

A

Bacterial disease

32
Q

How is gonorrhea spread

A

through sexual contact - most likely sexual intercourse

33
Q

How is salmonella spread

A

It is spread by bacteria ingested in food or food prepared in un hygienic conditions

34
Q

How can you reduce gonorrhea

A

By using methods of contraception such as a condom

35
Q

How can you reduce salmonella

A

People preparing food should make sure that they wash their hands and clean kitchen equipment thoroughly to prevent the spread of salmonellas from meat to other foods in the kitchen.

36
Q

What type of disease is Measles

A

Viral disease

37
Q

What type of disease is HIV

A

Viral disease

38
Q

What type of disease is TMV (tobacco mosaic virus)

A

Viral disease

39
Q

What does TMV stand for

A

Tobacco mosaic virus

40
Q

How does measles spread

A

By inhalation of droplets through sneezes and coughs

41
Q

How does HIV spread

A

By sexual contact or exchange of body fluids e.g. when drug users share needles

42
Q

How does TMV spread

A

Direct contact with plants or its transmitted through gardeners hands

43
Q

How can you reduce the spread of TMV

A

Remove infected plants
Gardeners wash hands
Crop rotation to avoid infected soil

44
Q

What diseases can pathogens be

A

Viral
bacteria
protists
fungi

45
Q

How can you reduce the spread of measles

A

Vaccinate young children for measles

46
Q

How can you reduce the spread of HIV

A

use protection e.g. condoms
Stop sharing needles ( one for each person)

47
Q

What can be used to treat bacterial diseases

A

anti biotics

48
Q

What does bacteria do inside the body

A

Bacteria may produce toxins that damage tissues and make us feel ill.

49
Q

What do Viruses do inside the body?

A

They live and reproduce inside cells causing cell damage

biology fourth form (3 decks)

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