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Cardiology > Heart Development > Flashcards

Heart Development Flashcards

1
Q

Mediastinum

A
  • contains the heart
  • Bounded:
    • lateral-Pleurae (lungs)
    • Anterior-Sternum
    • Posterior- Vertebral Column
  • Superior Mediastinum
    • contains: n/a
  • Inferior Mediastinum
    • Anterior Mediastinum
      • contains: n/a
    • Middle Mediastinum
      • contains:
        • Pericardium
        • Heart
        • Root of great vessels (Ascending aorta, pulmmonary trunk, Superior Venae Cavae)
        • Phrenic Nerve
    • Posterior Mediastinum
      • contains:
        • Descending Aorta (Thoracic)
        • Esophagus, trachea
        • vagus n.
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2
Q

Pericardium

A
  • Thin tough Fibro-serous membrain of CT
  • 2 layers
    • Fibrous pericardium (Aka fibrous Skeleton)
      • limits movement and filling
      • anchor heart
      • Protectection
      • structural support
      • electrical insulator b/w atria and ventricles
        • timing and coordination of contraction
    • Serous Pericardium (Both continuous around roots of great vessels)
      • Parietal Pericardium
      • Visceral pericardium
        • aka epicardium
        • Coronary arteries/vessels pass through
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3
Q

Pericardium: Blood Supply

A
  • Pericardiophrenic a.
  • Musculophrenic A.
  • Branches from descending aorta
    • Bronchial a.
    • Esophogeal a.
    • Superior phrenic a.
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4
Q

Surfaces of the Heart

A
  • Anterior: Sternocostal
  • Inferior: Diaphragmatic
  • Lateral: Pulmonary
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5
Q

Heart: Base & Apex

A
  • Pyramidal Shape
  • Obliquely situated in chest
  • size of fist
  • weight-10 ounces
  • 5 cm from base to apex
  • Midsternal Line
    • 2/3 of heart to left
    • 1/3 of heart to right
  • Base:
    • width: 3.5 cm
    • 2nd intercostal space
    • Formed by:
      • L. atrium mainly
      • part of R atrium
      • proximal parts of great vessels
    • 4 pulmonary veins: 2 on each side
      • R/L Superior pulmonary vein
      • R/L inferior pulmonary vein
  • Apex:
    • L 5th intercostal space
    • formed by ventricles
    • pointed anteriorly and to the left
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6
Q

Coronary Arteries

A
  • obstruction=heart attack
  • receives O2 blood before any other vessel
  • supply O2 blood to all cardiac muscle
  • Right Coronary Artery
    • supplies right side of heart
    • ->under R auricle–>coronary groove–>right marginal branch– (wraps posteriorly)–> posterior interventricular branch
  • Left coronary artery
    • supplies L side of heart
    • –>under Left auricle–> bifurcates
      • Circumflex branch–>L marginal A.
      • Anterior interventricular branch
        • Lateral diagnol branches
        • interventricular septal branches
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7
Q

Right Atrium

A
  • Terminal Crest
    • ridge can be seen superficially=sulcus terminalis
    • seperates atrium into 2 parts
      • Sinus venarum (sinus venae cavae)
        • smooth walls of cavity form from sinus venosus
        • Medial
      • Pectinate Muscles
        • lines the atria and auricles
        • Lateral
  • Fossa ovalis
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8
Q

Fossa ovalis

A
  • located on interatrial septum
  • remnant of th fused ovale
  • forms posterior wall of atrium
  • edge of fossa=Limbus of the fossa ovalis
    • from the septum secundum
  • Septum primun
    • forms the floor
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9
Q

Right Atrium: Openings

A
  • Superior Vena Cava
    • posterior
  • Inferior Vena Cava
    • posterior
    • partially covered by a variable valve=Valve of the IVC
      • crescent shape
  • Right AV canal/orifice w/the tricuspid valve
  • Coronary Sinus
    • b/w the IVC and AV opening/orifice
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10
Q

Right Ventricle

A
  • Take up most of the sternocostal surface
  • Trabeculae carneae
    • cover walls
    • unclot blood
  • Walls contain conducting bundle of pacemakers
    • ex: purkinje fibers
  • Pappillary muscle
    • 3=Anterior, Posterior, Septal
  • Chordae Tendonae
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11
Q

Papillary Muscle

A
  • Ventricles
  • connect to Chordae Tendonae–>cusp of AV valve
  • prevent prolapse
  • attach to cusp to pull cusps closer together and prevent regurgitation of blood
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12
Q

Chordae Tendonae

A
  • Attach to:
    • Papillary Muscle
    • Cusps of AV valve
  • Ventricles
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13
Q

Left atrium

A
  • Valve of the foramen ovale
    • remnant of septum primum
  • Mitral Valve
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14
Q

Left Ventricle

A
  • 2-3x thicker than Righter ventricle
    • bigger myocardium-pump against gravity in aorta
  • Traveculae corneae
  • Papillary muscles
    • 2 sets attach to both cusps (mitral and foramen ovale)
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15
Q

What seperates the aortic valve from the mitral valve?

A

Anterior cusp of mitral valve

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16
Q

Mitral Valve

A
  • aka bicuspid
  • 2 cusps
    • anterior
    • posterior
17
Q

Pulmonary Valve

A
  • 3 cusps
    • Anterior
    • Right
    • Left
18
Q

Interventricular septum

A
  • 2 parts
    • muscular part
      • lower 2/3
    • membranous part
      • upper 1/3
      • thin–>susceptible to foramen
        • surgical tx
      • seperates the aortic vestible fromthe Right atria/ventricle
19
Q

Sites of valves

A
  • Aortic Region
    • Aortic Valve
    • R 2nd Intercostal space of sternum
  • Pulmonic Region
    • pulmonary valve
    • L 2nd ICS of sternum
  • Erb’s point
    • L 3rd ICS
    • heart murmur
  • Tricuspid Region
    • L 4th ICS
  • Mitral Region
    • L 5th ICS @ midclavicular line
20
Q

Stenosis

A

Problems opening

21
Q

regurgitation

A
  • aka insufficiency
  • problem closing
22
Q

Pacemakers of the Heart

A
  • SA node
  • AV node
  • Bundle of His (aka AV bundle)
  • Bundle Branch
  • Purkinje fiber
23
Q

SA node

A
  • pacemaker
  • electrical depolarization from cell to cell
  • atrium contraction begins depolarization of AV node
24
Q

AV node

A
  • slowly depolarizes
    • slowest depolarization speed
    • delay=PR interval
  • allows blood to fill ventricles
25
Q

Heart Conduction system: Steps

A
  • Blood in SVC/IVC enter right atrium–>SA node fires Action Potentials
  • Excitation spreads throughout atrial myocardium
    • to AV node
  • AV node fires
  • Excitation spreads down AV bundle (Bundle of His)
    • down L/R bundle branches
  • Subendocardial conducting network spreads excitation through ventricular myocardiium
    • in subendocardium=purkinje fibers—>spread to ventricle myocardium–>ventricles contract
26
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

27
Q

QRS wave

A
  • Ventricular depolarization
28
Q

T wave

A
  • Ventricular repolarization
29
Q

PR interval

A
  • time from depolariztion of the SA node to the onset of ventricular depolarization
30
Q

QT interval

A
  • time from beginning of QRS complex (ventricular depolarztion) to the end of the T wave (Ventricular repolarization)
31
Q

ST segment

A
  • interval b/w ventricular depolzation and ventricular repolarization
32
Q
A

Cardiology (4 decks)

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