Heart/Blood Vessels

Question 1

2 Types of Small BV disease:

Answer 1

Hyaline arteriolosclerosis
Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis (more severe)

Question 2

Which organ is targeted in Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis?

Answer 2

Kidney: Acute renal failure results

Question 3

What risk factors are associated with Aortic dissection?

Answer 3

Arterial hypertension
(major cause)
Connective tissue disorders
(Marfan’s syndrome is a predisposing factor)

Question 4

What are causes of Direct Infection Vasculitis?

Answer 4

Neisseria meningitidis (Bacterial)
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsial)
Fungal infection
Viral infection

Question 5

What viral disease is associated with Immune-mediated Vasculitis?

Answer 5

Hepatitis B

Question 6

What is the most common vasculitides?

Which arteries are most affected?

Answer 6

Giant cell (Temporal) arteritis
Arteries principally of head
Temporal, Vertebral, OPTHALMIC

Question 7

What are common symptoms of Giant cell arteritis?

Answer 7

Masseter muscle claudication
Lingual musculature claudication
Transient to complete vision loss (ophthalmic artery involvement + retinal ischemia)

Question 8

What other pathology is closely associated with Giant Cell Arteritis?

Answer 8

Polymyalgia Rheumatica

Question 9

Which vessel is involved in Takayasu Arteritis?

Answer 9

Proximal aorta and its branches

Question 10

What two pathologies are associated with blindness?

Answer 10

Giant cell arteritis

Takayasu Arteritis

Question 11

PR3-ANCA is associated with which pathology?

Answer 11

Wegener Granulomatosis

Question 12

Which disease is most associated with heavy smoking?

Answer 12

Buerger disease (Thromboangiitis Obliterans)

Question 13

Monckeberg Medial Calcification has a higher incidence in individuals who have ____

Answer 13

Diabetes

Question 14

Lymphangitis is associated with which type of pathogen?

Answer 14

Group A

Beta-hemolytic streptococci

Question 15

What is a “Cystic hygroma”?

Answer 15

A cavernous lymphangioma

Usually in the neck and axilla of children

Question 16

Which pathology is related to Turner Syndrome?

Answer 16

Cystic hygroma

Question 17

Which pathology can cause for severe epistaxes?

Answer 17

Vascular Ectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu Disease)
Dilatation of pre-existing capillaries and veins

Question 18

What is an Angiosarcoma?

Answer 18

A sarcoma of malignant epithelial cells often in skin

Very aggressive

Question 19

What usually causes Right-sided heart failure?

Answer 19

It is typically secondary to Left-sided heart failure

Pulmonary hypertension

Question 20

Pulmonary edema
Pleural effusions
Dyspnea
Orthopnea
Fatigue
Tachycardia
are all associated with which pathology?

Answer 20

Left heart failure

Question 21

Systemic venous congestion
Soft tissue edema
Distended neck veins
Enlarged liver
Increased deep vein thromboses
Pulmonary emboli
are all associated with which pathology?

Answer 21

Right heart failure

Question 22

Right Ventricular hypertrophy is a symptom of what?

Answer 22

Cor Pulmonale

Secondary to pulmonary hypertension

Question 23

Cyanosis occurs when the pressure in the ____ heart is higher than the ____ heart

Answer 23

Right

Left

Question 24

What is the most common cause of Right to Left shunts?

Answer 24

Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 25

Cyanosis occurs when the pressure in the ____ heart is higher than the ____ heart

Answer 25

Right

Left

Question 26

What is the most common cause of Right to Left shunts?

Answer 26

Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 27

MIs begin in the ____ and extend toward the ____

Answer 27

Subendocardium

Epicardium

Question 28

Unstable angina pectoris cannot be distinguished from what other heart complication with an ECG? What factor can make a differential diagnosis?

Answer 28

non-STEMI

If cardiac enzymes are elevated, then a non-STEMI is the diagnosis

Question 29

What is the best laboratory predictor or MI?

Answer 29

Cardiac troponin 1 levels
Very specific to the myocardium
The “gold standard” for enzyme diagnosis

Question 30

What two factors may limit the extent of and MI?

Answer 30

Thrombolytic agents

Aspirin

Question 31

What is the best laboratory predictor or MI?

Answer 31

Cardiac troponin 1 levels

The “gold standard” for enzyme diagnosis

Question 32

What two pathologies are related to Group A Streptococci?

Answer 32

Lymphangitis

Rheumatic Fever
typically preceded by pharyngitis

Question 33

What are two pathologies associated with Marfan’s syndrome?

Answer 33

Aortic dissection

Mitral Valve prolapse

Question 34

What is the organism involved in Acute Infective Endocarditis?

Answer 34

Staph aureus

Question 35

Which valves are most often affected in Infective Endocarditis?

Answer 35

Tricuspid

Pulmonary

Question 36

A type of Noninfective Endocarditis is known as:

Answer 36

Lupus Erythematosis Endocarditis

“Libman-Sacks Disease”

Question 37

Which valves are most often affected in Infective Endocarditis?

Answer 37

Tricuspid

Pulmonary

Question 38

What are three types of Pericardial Effusions?

Answer 38

Serous: CHD, hypoalbuminemia
Serosanguineous (watery, blood tinged): Blunt chest trauma, Malignancy
Chylous (milky): Mediastinal obstruction

Question 39

What is one of the most common causes of sudden death in young athletes?

Answer 39

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Question 40

What complication does A-Fib predispose a patient to?

Answer 40

Thromboemboli

Question 41

In what disease are pericardial effusions relatively common?

Answer 41

SLE

Question 42

What complication does A-Fib predispose a patient to?

Answer 42

Thromboemboli

Question 43

What can A-Fib be treated with?

Answer 43

Warfarin (Vit K antagonist)

Factor X or Thrombin anatagonists