Heart attack warning signs

Question 1

Heart attack warning symptoms

Answer 1

• Chest discomfort—pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain in center of chest
  
  • Discomfort in arm(s), back, neck, jaw or stomach
  • Shortness of breath
  • Breaking out in a cold sweat
  • Nausea
  • Light-headedness

Question 2

Heart attack description

Answer 2

Severe, crushing chest pain. Sudden, intense, collapses to the floor
Symptoms may come and go

Question 3

Atypical presentations for heart attack

Answer 3

◦ Shortness of breath
◦ Nausea/vomiting
◦ Back or jaw pain

Question 4

Management of AMI in STEMI

Answer 4

Timely diagnosis = successful management
Early phase = liable to cardiac arrest
Minimise delays to treatment = improved outcome

Question 5

Therapeutic goals in STEMI

Answer 5

Restore epicardial vessel potency
Limit myocardial necrosis
Control symptoms

Question 6

Medical management

Answer 6

Anti-platelets therapy
Anti-ischaemic therapy
Secondary prevention

Question 7

Secondary prevention

Answer 7

Antiplatelet therapy - aspirin, clopidogrel, prasugel and ticagrelor

Statin 
ACE inhibitor 
Beta blockers 
Smoking cessation 
Lifestyle modification

Question 8

Monitoring

Answer 8

Blood pressure
Oxygen saturation
ECG - ST segments
Arrhythmias (bradycardia and tachycardia - AF, V tachycardia and fibrillation)

Question 9

Coronary angioplasty complications

Answer 9

MI 
Stroke 
Arrhythmias 
Renal failure 
Vascular injury 
Contrast reactions 
Coronary artery dissection 
Emergency surgery 
Death

Question 10

Cardiac rehabilitation

Answer 10

Coordinated sum of activities required to influence favourable underlying CVD cause

Question 11

Cardiac rehabilitation goals

Answer 11

Recovery
Secondary prevention
Adoption & maintenance of healthy lifestyle
Preservation of mobility and self-sufficiency
Return to work
Cost effectiveness

Question 12

Cardiac rehabilitation components

Answer 12

Exercise 
Education 
Psychological support 
Risk factor modification 
Medical risk management

Question 13

Six core components

Audit and evaluation
Long term strategies

Answer 13

long term strategies
lifestyle 
risk factor 
management 
psychological 
health 

audit and evaluation
medical risk
management

Question 14

BACPR 6 standards for cardiac rehabilitation

Answer 14

Delivery by qualified and competent MDT - clinical coordinator

Prompt identification, referral and recruitment of eligible patients
Early initial assessment