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Theme 3 > Blood pressure > Flashcards

Blood pressure Flashcards

1
Q

Series

A

2 paths in a row
Flow in both paths is the same
Pressure is higher in the first path than the 2nd path
b/c energy is lost as blood experiences friction/resistance

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2
Q

Parallel

A

Branching paths
Flow is split between 2 paths
Pressure is same at start of both paths.
If paths have identical resistance same pressure

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3
Q

Pmean

A

Pdiastolic + (Psystolic - Pdiastolic)/3

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4
Q

Stroke volume

A

Volume of blood pumped out of a ventricle during one beat of the heart
70ml

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5
Q

Cardiac output

A

Volume of blood pumped out of a ventricle per minute

4.9L/min

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6
Q

End Diastolic Volume

A

Volume of blood in a ventricle at the end of filling (diastole). EDV is associated with “pre-load”, how stretched the muscle is.
120ml

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7
Q

End Systolic Volume

A

Volume of blood remaining in a ventricle at the end of contraction (systole). So: SV = EDV – ESV
50ml

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8
Q

Ejection Fraction

A

Percentage of ventricular volume pumped out during a heart beat: SV / EDV
55-70%

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9
Q

vasoconstriction

A

Smaller radius

  • > higher resistance
  • > lower flow rate
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10
Q

Dilation and constriction of BV causes

A

Central regulation: CNS, Autonomic, Endocrine
Exercise

Local regulation of pressure

Immune

Haemostasis

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11
Q

Excercise

A

peripheral vasodilatation
muscle/skin

vasoconstriction
splanchnic circulation

Increase HR and systolic BP
Decrease diastolic BP

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12
Q

Standing

A

Initially a drop in BP
- then compensatory recovery (ie increase back to normal):

peripheral vasoconstriction

  • Arterial + venous
  • & Increased HR
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13
Q

Systemic BP control

A 
Local 
- Endothelial
- Nitric Oxide (NO)
Neurological – the autonomic system
- Sympathetic: noradrenaline
Humoral – renal / pituitary / adrenal
- The kidney is central to Blood Pressure
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14
Q

Local Vasomotor control

A

Endothelial cells release vasodilator compounds

  • Nitric Oxide
  • Causes smooth muscle relaxation
  • Vasodilatation
Controlled by local blood flow conditions
Hydrostatic pressure
Shear force
- Made greater by laminar flow
- Shear force is atheroprotective
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15
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Detect pressure and feed back to the brain
Located in the transverse aortic arch and the carotid sinuses of the left and right internal carotid arteries
Activity —> decreased BP

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16
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Detect when O2 levels are low & feed back to the brain

Located in the carotid bodies and aortic bodies

17
Q

Frank-Starling

A

The stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart (the end diastolic volume)

18
Q

Venous return

A

The volume of blood flowing back to the heart through the veins

19
Q

Preload

A

The initial stretching of the cardiac myocytes during diastole (prior to contraction). Depends on venous return

20
Q

Volume Overload

A

Results when preload becomes too large

21
Q

Afterload

A

The resistance that the chambers of the heart must overcome in order to eject blood out of the heart
Resistance during systole

Increased by back pressure
from Aorta or pulmonary arteries

Increases if the exit valve fails to open completely

Pressure Overload
Results from elevated afterload

22
Q

Thoracic Pump

A

“Pulls” the blood (from below) towards the right atrium.
during inspiration
intrathoracic pressure is negative
abdominal pressure is positive (compression of abdominal organs by diaphragm).
Creates a pressure gradient

23
Q

Muscle Pump

A

Rhythmical contraction of limb muscles
as occurs during normal locomotor activity
Squeezes blood out of nearby veins
Venous valves assure one-way flow toward heart

24
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

High Capillary Density

Low Vascular Resistance

Acts as Blood Reservoir

Endocrine control of BP (ACE)

Acts as Filter

25
Q

Pulmonary Circulation - O2, CO2 and pH

A

O2, CO2, pH effects opposite those in systemic circulation

If O2 is low in a region of the lung, the arterioles constrict
(likewise if CO2 or H+ are high, vasoconstriction)

Poor ventilation reduced perfusion

This minimises the amount of blood that is poorly oxygenated

26
Q

Coronary Circulation

A

Cardiac Muscle has High Demand

Most Flow occurs during Diastole

Obtains blood almost before aorta

27
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure
esp. high diastolic pressure

Often Asymptomatic

May result in coronary artery disease and MI

28
Q

Hypertension caused by

A

Mismatch between blood volume and circulatory capacity

Most cases are idiopathic
Hormones (Ang II)
Brain Medulla (NTS)

2ndary to Kidney disease

29
Q

Cardiogenic shock - failure to compensate

A 
Low urine output 
Hypotension 
Syncope 
Confusion 
Acidosis
30
Q

Cardiogenic shock - compensatory mechanisms

A

Tachycardia

Tachypnoea

Theme 3 (16 decks)

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