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Cardiac A And p > Heart and Vessels > Flashcards

Heart and Vessels Flashcards

0
Q

ather/o

A

fatty substance

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1
Q

arter/o, arteri/o

A

artery

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2
Q

atri/o

A

atrium

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3
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

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4
Q

coron/o

A

heart

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5
Q

pericardi/o

A

pericardium

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6
Q

rhytm/o

A

rhythm

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7
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

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8
Q

steth/o

A

chest

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9
Q

vas/o

A

vessel

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10
Q

vascul/o

A

vessel

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11
Q

ven/o, ven/i

A

vein

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12
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle

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13
Q

pericardial sac (parietal pericardium)

A

anchors heart to great vessels (aorta and venae cavae)

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14
Q

epicardium (visceral pericardium)

A

serous membrane covering heart’s surface

secretes pericardial fluid

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15
Q

myocardium

A

heart’s middle layer composed of cardiac muscle tissue

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16
Q

endocardium

A

heart’s inner most layer, lines the 4 chambers of the heart

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17
Q

coronary sulcus

A

marks separation of atria from ventricles

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18
Q

interventricular sulcus

A

mark separation of left and right ventricles

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19
Q

interatrial septum

A

separates two atria from each other

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20
Q

interventricular septum

A

separate ventricles from one another

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21
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

heart pumping blood to the lungs and back

CO2 is unloaded and O2 is loaded

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22
Q

systemic circuit

A

once blood is returned from lungs, left side of heart pumps blood to all parts of body to be returned back to heart
O2 is unloaded and CO2 is loaded

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23
Q

Steps of cardiac conduction system

A
  1. heartbeat started by SA node
  2. from SA node, cardiac muscle cells carry electrical impulse across myocardium of both atria causing depolarization
  3. while step 2 happens, other cardiac cells cary impulse to AV node
  4. AV bundle carries impulse down interventricular septum to apex
  5. Purkinje fibers fan out from AV bundle stimulating cardiac muscle cells to depolarize and contract
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24
Q

Phases of cardiac cycle

A
  1. Atrial systole: SA node fires, atria depolarize and contract together. increased pressure pushes blood through AV valves to ventricles
  2. Atrial diastole: atria repolarize and relax. pressure in superior/inferior venae cavae and pulmonary veins is greater than atrial pressure so blood rushes in
  3. Ventricular systole: once impulse is carried from AV node to purkinje fibers ventricles depolarize and contract together. chordae tendinae also contract to prevent backflow. contraction of ventricles decreases volume and increases pressure inside ventricles. blood pushed through pulmonary and aortic valves.
  4. Ventricular diastole: ventricles repolarize and relax. blood moves from AV valves to ventricles from atria. all 4 chambers fill with blood during this phase. atria are not contracting during this phase. blood is passively moving from atria to ventricles due to difference in pressure
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25
Q

sinus rythm

A

normal pace, with 70-80 bpm

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26
Q

vagal tone

A

a pace normally kept in check by autonomic nervous system through vagus nerve

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27
Q

ectopic focus

A

occurs when any part of conduction system other than SA node sets pace

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28
Q

nodal rhythm

A

occurs if AV node is ectopic focus

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29
Q

P wave

A

shows depolarization of atria

30
Q

Q, R, S waves

A

together represent ventricles depolarizing

31
Q

T wave

A

represents ventricles repolarizing

32
Q

What event does normal ECG not show?

A

atria repolarizing; this happens the same time ventricles are depolarizing which is a much stronger event

33
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood ejected by each ventricle of the heart each minute
calculated by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume

34
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood ejected from each ventricle per beat

35
Q

cardiac reserve

A

difference between the cardiac output of a heart at rest and the maximum cardiac output the heart can achieve

36
Q

3 factors that affect stroke volume

A

preload: amount of tension in the myocardium of ventricular walls
contractility: responsiveness of cardiac muscle to contract
afterload: concerns pressure in pulmonary trunk and aorta during diastole

37
Q

frank-starling law of heart

A

states heart must pump out the amount of blood it receives

38
Q

chronotropic factor

A

anything that changes the heart rate

positive increase heart rate, negative decrease heart rate

39
Q

cardiac accelerator center

A

uses sympathetic neurons to stimulate the SA and AV nodes to speed up heart rate

40
Q

cardiac inhibitory center

A

uses parasympathetic neurons of vagus nerve to keep SA node at 70-80 bpm (vagal tone)
if vagus nerve is severed, SA node typically sets pace at 100/bpm

41
Q

3 types of sensors that feed information to centers in medulla oblongata

A

proprioceptors, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors

42
Q

proprioceptors

A

located in body’s muscles, joints, and tendons

information they send alerts centers to any change in body’s activity level

43
Q

baroreceptors

A

located in aorta and carotid arteries
alert the centers to any changes in bp
if bp falls, cardiac accelerator center stimulates SA and AV nodes to increase heart rate in an effort to restore bp to homeostasis

44
Q

chemoreceptors

A

monitor pH, carbon dioxide and oxygen in blood
located at aortic arch, on carotid arteries, and in medulla oblongata
much more important for setting respiratory rate

45
Q

chronotropic effects of chemicals

A

positive effects: epinephrine, caffeine, norepinephrine, nicotine, and thyroid hormone
negative effects: potassium ions

46
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from heart to capillaries

47
Q

capillaries

A

allow for exchange of materials between blood and tissues

48
Q

veins

A

deliver blood from capillaries back to heart

49
Q

tunica externa

A

outermost layer of vessel wall

50
Q

tunica media

A

middle layer of vessel wall
thickest layer
more muscular in arteries than veins of comparable size
may be elastic fibers in this layer depending on vessel

51
Q

tunica interna

A

lining of vessel wall

vital that this layer be smooth and secrete chemical to repel platelets

52
Q

conducting arteries

A

largest of the arteries (aorta, pulmonary arteries, etc)
carry blood away from heart
need to withstand high pressure, therefore have most muscle/elastic fibers in their walls for expansion

53
Q

distributing arteries

A

medium-sized
distribute blood away from conducting arteries to organs
examples are hepatic artery, and renal arteries

54
Q

resistance arteries

A

smallest of the arteries

examples are arterioles that deliver blood to capillaries

55
Q

coronary route

A

heart’s own circulation route composed of coronary arteries and veins
right and left coronary arteries lead to capillary beds in heart’s tissue
20% of blood from capillaries directly returned to R atrium of heart

56
Q

systemic route

A

carry blood from heart to tissues in the body and back again

57
Q

what are the 2 types of alternative routes?

A

portal routes and anastomoses

58
Q

portal routes

A

contains 2 capillary beds before blood is returned to heart
allows materials to be exchanged twice between blood and tissues before returning to heart
example: hepatic portal route

59
Q

hepatic portal route

A

route between intestines and liver
blood travels from heart to arteries to capillary beds in sm intestine/other digestive organs. digested nutrients absorbed into blood through capillaries. blood travels through small veins leading to hepatic portal vein to capillary beds in liver, where nutrients are processed. blood exits liver via hepatic vein on its way back to heart.

60
Q

anastomoses

A

involves vessels merging together

3 types

61
Q

arteriovenous anastomoses

A

often called a shunt
merges an artery with a vein, skipping capillary bed
used in fingers, palms, toes and ears in condition of extreme cold
protective mechanism to avoid losing heat

62
Q

arterial anastomoses

A

merges 2 arteries together to provide collateral routes to same area
can be found in heart, to make sure all parts of heart are adequately fed, and at joints, where movement may block one of routes

63
Q

venous anastomoses

A

most common anastomoses

merges veins to drain an organ

64
Q

venous return

A

5 mechanisms aid in venous return:

pressure gradient, gravity, thoracic pump, cardiac suction, skeletal muscle pump

65
Q

pressure gradiant

A

pressure in veins due to action of heart propels blood toward heart

66
Q

gravity

A

blood moves through veins above heart due to gravity and flows downhill

67
Q

thoracic pump

A

chest expands every time breath is inhaled increasing the volume and decreasing pressure within chest
as air rushes into lungs to equalize pressure, blood in veins in abdominal cavity is sucked into inferior vena cava

68
Q

cardiac suction

A

atria return to shape during atrial diastole creating less pressure in atria than in superior and inferior venae cavae and pulmonary veins, so blood is sucked into atria

69
Q

skeletal muscle pump

A

especially effective in limbs

skeletal muscle action massages blood through the veins, while valve in veins prevent backflow

70
Q

What 3 ways does resistance make a difference in terms of blood pressure?

A

viscosity (thickness): amount of albumins and RBCs determine blood thickness
vessel length: the greater the vessel length, the more friction that occurs between blood and vessel walls. friction slows blood.
vessel radius: the smaller the radius, the more blood comes in contact with walls of vessel. radius can be controlled in several different ways to regulate bp (vasodilation/vasoconstriction)

71
Q

pulse pressure

A

indicates the surge of pressure small arteries must withstand with each ventricular contraction
equation: sytolic pressure minue diastolic pressure (in mmHg)
pulse pressure increases as stroke volume increases

72
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

average pressure arteries must be able to withstand

determined by equation: diastolic pressure plus 1/3 of pulse pressure

Cardiac A And p (2 decks)

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