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Cardiac A And p > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

0
Q

Globulins

A

Transport proteins; antibodies

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1
Q

Albumins

A

transport proteins dissolved in plasma

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2
Q

Fibrinogen and clotting factors

A

fibrinogen is a clotting protein dissolved in plasma. clotting factors are other chemicals needed for clot to happen

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3
Q

Serum

A

plasma with fibrinogen and clotting factors removed

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4
Q

Regulatory substances

A

chemicals used for communication

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5
Q

Erythrocytes

A

red blood cell with a biconcave disk.
thick around rim, thin around center giving greater surface area
most plentiful of formed elements and function to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
no nucleus, no DNA
do not move out of vessel unless broken. lifespan is 110-120 days

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6
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cell
prominent nuclei; must be stained to be seen
can move out of blood vessels into tissue

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7
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

contain small granules that show up when stained

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8
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

do not contain visible granules

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9
Q

Neutrophils

A

most common type of leukocyte
typically make up 40-70%
number of neutrophils rises in response to bacterial infections

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10
Q

Basophils

A

least common type of leukocyte
average from 0-2%
number of basophils in circulation tends to increase with allergies
primary function is to release histamine and heparin

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11
Q

Histamine

A

causes vessels to dilate increasing blood to an area and vessel walls to become more permeable
allows more leukocytes to move out of blood vessels into injured tissues more quickly

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12
Q

Heparin

A

anticoagulant

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13
Q

Eosinophils

A

make up 0-6%
granules stain orange to bright red
increase with parasitic infections and allergies
chemicals can be effective against large parasitic worms

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14
Q

Monocytes

A

largest of leukocytes
migrate to tissues where they become macrophages
function to phagocytize debris, microorganisms, foreign invaders
numbers increase with inflammation and viral infections

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15
Q

Lymphocytes

A

make up 20-50%
smallest of leukocytes
two of their subclasses are T cells and B cells

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16
Q

Thrombocytes

A

called platelets
cell fragments
outnumber leukocytes

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17
Q

Functions of platelets

A

secrete vasoconstrictors (chemicals that secrete vessel size)
secrete clotting factors to promote formation of blood clots
form platelet plugs
secrete chemicals to attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of inflammation
destroy bacteria
secrete growth factors to stimulate mitosis

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18
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

blood production
3 types: thrombopoiesis, leukopoiesis, and erythropoiesis
continual process

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19
Q

Hemocytoblast

A

stem cell that is starting cell for each type of production
said to be pluripotent, which means it can become any of 7 types of formed elements
located in red bone marrow
must be stimulated to grow and divide

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20
Q

Myeloid hemopoiesis

A

production of all formed elements in the red bone marrow

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21
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A

production of platelets
begins with hemocytoblast
liver and kidneys produce thrombopoietin which causes hemocytoblast to become megakaryocyte
megakaryocyte breaks apart to become several platelets

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22
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

production of leukocytes
begins with hemocytoblast
lymphocytes and monocytes produce CSFs depending upon immune system challenge
different type of CSF for each type of leukocyte depending on need

23
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

erythrocyte production
begins with hemocytoblast
kidneys produce erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production when hypoxemia is present
negative-feedback response

24
Q

Causes of hypoxemia

A

high altitudes
exercise
exposure to carbon monoxide
blood loss

25
Q

Hemoglobin

A

red protein made of four chains of amino acids called globins
each chain contains heme group w/iron at its center
each hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 oxygen moelecules

26
Q

Nutritional requirements for erythrocyte

A

iron is most necessary (meat, eggs, vegetables and legumes)
folic acid (orange juice and vegetables,) and vitamin B12 (meat/dairy)
copper (seafood, organ meats, legumes,) and vitamin C (fruits and green vegetables)

27
Q

Life cycle of RBC

A

liver and spleen function to remove old RBC
heme broken down to iron and bilirubin
liver secretes bilirubin in bile, spleen secretes bilirubin into blood for kidneys to remove with urine

28
Q

Sickle cell trait/disease

A

recessive gene that codes for different form of hemoglobin, causing RBC to change shape and sickle (forms crescent with points)
one copy results in sickle cell trait, usually not harmful
two copies result in sickle cell disease, fatal if not treated
beneficial to those living in malaria plagued areas

29
Q

Hemostasis

A

means “the stopping of bleeding”
3 step process that happens in order
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting (coagulation)

30
Q

3 steps of hemostatis

A

vascular spasm: constriction of broken vessel reducing blood flow
platelet plug formation: if vessel is broken collagen fibers are exposed on broken edges causing platelets to stick and form platelet plug
coagulation: dissolved fibrinogen forms solid fiber called fibrin, which acts as a net to trap RBCs and platelets to form solid clot

31
Q

3 ways vascular spasm is initiated

A

pain receptors in injured tissue can stimulate vessel to constrict
platelets in broken vessel can release vasoconstrictors
injury to smooth muscle of a vessel wall can cause vessel to constrict

32
Q

Pathways of blood clotting

A

intrinsic: started by platelets, slower than extrinsic
extrinsic: begun by damaged tissues, faster (15 seconds)
both require calcium, clotting factors, and lead to common pathway

33
Q

Reaction cascade

A

during pathways of coagulation, each step activates next step for activation of inactive forms of clotting factors

34
Q

Clot retraction

A

once a clot is formed, platelets shrink to draw edges of broken blood vessel together

35
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

process by which plasmin dissolves unnecessary blood clot

36
Q

Inappropriate clotting

A

platelet repulsion: lining of vessels prevent platelets from sticking

dilution: circulation of blood keeps thrombin diluted reducing ability to change fibrinogen to fibrin
anticoagulants: chemicals that interfere with pathways of clotting

37
Q

Functions of blood

A

transporation
protection
regulation

38
Q

Normal pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45

lower is acidic, higher is alkalinic/basic

39
Q

Hematocrit

A

measures percentage of RBCs to whole blood

  1. 8%-46.4% in males
  2. 4%-44.4% in females
40
Q

Hemoglobin test

A

amount of hemoglobin molecules in a given amount of blood

  1. 3-16.2 g/dL of blood for males
  2. 0-15.8 g/dL of blood for females
41
Q

RBC count

A
  1. 30-5.60 million per cubic mm for males

4. 00-5.20 million per cubic mm for females

42
Q

WBC count

A

3,540-9,060 mm cubed

43
Q

Leukocytosis

A

high WBC count

44
Q

Leukemia

A

also high wbc count, but the WBCs in leukemia are immature and unable to fight infection/pathogens

45
Q

Leukopenia

A

low WBC count

46
Q

Polycythemia

A

too many cells in the blood

47
Q

Primary polycythemia

A

cancer of the blood

48
Q

Secondary polycythemia

A

RBC count ranges from 6-8 million per mm cubed of blood

can result from dehydration, lowering ratio of plasma to formed elements, accelerated erythropoiesis, etc

49
Q

Anemia

A

disorder resulting from insufficient RBCs or hemoglobin to carry enough oxygen to maintain homeostasis

50
Q

Inadequate erythropoiesis/hemoglobin production

A

may be caused by inadequate iron in diet (iron deficiency anemia) or lack of intrinsic factor from stomach that allows vitamin B12 to be absorbed (pernicious anemia)
(hypoplastic or aplastic anemia as well)

51
Q

Excessive bleeding (hemorrhagic anemia)

A

may be caused by trauma, failure to clot, or ulcers

52
Q

RBC destruction (hemolytic anemia)

A

may result from drug reaction (penicillin allergy) or blood incompatibility (hemolytic disease of newborn)
other causes include inherited factors (sickle cell disease) or parasitic infections (malaria)

53
Q

Hemophilia

A

inability to clot

sex linked disorders, mostly occurring in males

54
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

low platelet count (less than 150,000/mm cubed of blood)

one sign is excessive bruising after minor trauma

55
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

widespread coagulation of blood in unbroken vessels

may be caused by systemic infection (septicemia) or if blood flow significantly slows as in cardiac arrest

Cardiac A And p (2 decks)

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