Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > Heart and Pericardium > Flashcards

Heart and Pericardium Flashcards

1
Q

Main arteries supplying the pericardium

A

Pericardiacophrenic

Internal Thoracic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Smaller arteries supplying the pericardium

A

Musculophrenic (originates from internal thoraic)
Bronchial, esophageal and superior phrenic (originate from thoracic aorta
Coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Venous drainage of the pericardium

A

Pericardicophrenic veins (originate from brachiocephalic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

causes friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pericardial effusion

A

passage of fluid from pericardial capillaries to pericardial cavity
heart becomes compressed (can’t expand and fill fully –> cardiac tamponade)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

excess build up of fluid inside the pericardium, compresses the heart - too much pressure so can’t beat properly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cardiomegaly

A

increase in the size of the heart

Causes: high BP, leaky valves, cardiomyopathy, pericardial effusion, anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hemopericardium

A

when blood enters the pericardial cavity e.g. after a stab wound
as blood accumulates, heart is compressed and circulation fails –> cardiac tamponade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Journey of blood from IVC and SVC

A

SVC+IVC – right side of heart – pulmonary trunk – lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Journey of blood from lungs

A

Lungs – left side of heart – aorta – body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Layers of the wall of the heart from superficial to deep

A 
EPICARDIUM = thin external layer (mesothelium) formed by visceral layer of serous pericardium
MYOCARDIUM = thick middle layer made of cardiac muscle
ENDOCARDIUM = thin internal layer (endothelium and subendothelial ct) that covers the valves of heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is the apex of the heart?

A

inferolateral part of LV

posterior to left ics5, 9cm from median plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Apex beat

A

where the sound of mitral valve closing is maximal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Base of heart

A

mainly LA, some RA
faces posteriorly vertebral bodies of T6-T9
extends superiorly to the bifurcation of the pulm trunk and anteriorly to the coronary sulcus (groove)
receives pulm veins on right and left sides of LA and IVC, SVC at inf and sup ends of RA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Surfaces of the heart

A

ANTERIOR (STERNOCOSTAL) = Mainly RV, bit LV
DIAPHRAGMATIC (INFERIOR) = mainly LV, bit RV, related to central tendon of diaphragm
LEFT PULMONARY =LV, forms cardiac impression of l lung
RIGHT PULMONARY= RA
POSTERIOR (BASE) = Mainly LA, some RA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Borders of the heart

A 
RIGHT = RA to IVC and SVC, right cc3 to r cc6
INFERIOR = Mainly RV, slightly LV, lies of diaphragm central tendon, cc6 to ics 5
LEFT = Mainly LV, slightly left auricle, ics 5 to left cc2
SUPERIOR = LA, RA and auricles, where ascending aorta and pulm trunk emerge and SVC enters r side
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is an auricle?

A

small, conical, muscular pouch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

sinus venarum

A

posterior part of RA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pectinate muscles

A

RA

give it a rough, muscular wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Conus arteriosus

A

RV

develops from bulbus cordis and is where the pulmonary trunk arises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

trabeculae carnae

A

contraction pulls on chordae tendonae, preventing inversion of the mitral (bicuspid) valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cusps in the RV

A

tendinous chords attach to anterior, posterior and septal cusps. Prevent inversion of the tricuspid valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Papillary muscles in RV

A

Anterior, posterior, septal correspond to cusps of tricuspid valve. Contract to tighten the tendinous chords, drawing the cusps together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

pulmonary valve

A

located at apex of conus arteriosus at cc3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
how is the LV different to the RV?
LV: - thicker - finer but more numerous trabeculae carnae - larger anterior and posterior papillary muscles
26
Cusps in the LV
Mitral valves has 2 cusps: anterior and posterior - located post to sternum at cc4 each cusp receives tendinous chords from more than one papillary muscle -allows cusps to resist pressure during contractions of LV
27
where is the aortic valve?
Posterior to left side of sternum at ics3
28
where does the right coronary artery originate?
right aortic sinus
29
where does the left coronary artery originate?
left aortic sinus
30
where is percussion of the heart performed?
ics 3,4,5 from left anterior axillary line to r anterior axillary line resonance
31
atrial septal defects
related to incomplete closure of the oval foramen, occurs in superior part of oval fossa of 15-25% of people. Large ASDs allow blood to be shunted LA to RA
32
ventricular septal defects
membranous part of IV septum develops separately from muscular part causes l to r shunt of blood large shunt increases pulmonary blood flow which causes hypertension and cardiac failure
33
thrombi
form on walls of LA | If detach or break off, pass into systemic circulation and occlude peripheral arteries, causing stroke
34
Valvular heart disease
disturb pumping efficiency of heart leads to: stenosis (failure of valve to open fully slowing blood flow from a chamber) -valvular insufficiency/regurgitation = failure of valve to close properly stenosis and regurgitation produce turbulence - cause eddies (small whirlpools that produce vibrations audible as murmurs
35
valvuloplasty
surgical replacement of valves
36
prolapsed mitral valve
blood regurgitates back into LA when LV contracts, producing a murmur
37
pulmonary valve stenosis
valve cusps are fused, forming a dome with a narrow central opening
38
Areas of ascultation
AORTIC VALVE = isc 2 to right of sternal border PULMONARY VALVE = ics 2 to left of sternal border TRICUSPID VALVE = left sternal border in ics 5/6 BICUSPID/MITRAL VALVE = apex of heart in ic5, midclavicular line
39
Branches of the right coronary artery
SA nodal Right marginal Posterior IV AV nodal
40
Branches of the left coronary artery
Anterior IV (LAD) --> diagonal/lateral branch Circumflex Left marginal Posterior IV
41
What does the RCA supply?
``` RA most of RV part of LV (diaphragmatic surface) Part of IV septum (post third) SA node (60%) AV node (80%) ```
42
What does the LCA supply?
``` LA most of LV part of RV Most of IV septum (anterior 2/3) inc. AV bundle of conducting tissue SA node (40%) ```
43
Venous drainage into coronary sinus
Great cardiac vein (left end) Middle and small cardiac veins (right end) Left posterior ventricular vein left marginal veins
44
coronary sinus
main vein of heart, runs left to right in post part of coronary sulcus
45
lymph drainage of the heart
Subepicardial lymphatic plexus -- coronary sulcus -- coronary arteries
46
sympathetic innervation of heart
pre-s fibre with cell bodies in intermediolateral cell columns of superior 5/6 thoracic segments of spinal cord Post-s fibre w celll bodies in cervical and superior thoracic paravertebral ganglia of sym trunk - fibres end in SA and AV nodes
47
effect of sympathetic stimulation
increases heart rate and force of contractions - indirectly dilates ca by inhibiting their constriction - supplies more o2 and nutrients to myocardium during periods of exercise
48
parasympathetic innervation of heart
pre-s fibres of vagus nerves | post-s fibres located near AV and SA nodes and along ca
49
effect of parasympathetic stimulation
decreases heart rate and force of contraction - constricts ca saving energy between periods of increased demand
50
Valve sounds (2,2,5,6)
``` PULMONARY= left ics 2 near sternal edge 'dup' AORTIC = right ics 2 near sternal edge 'dup' MITRAL/BICUSPID = left ics 5 at midclavicular line 'lub' TRICUSPID = left ics 5/6 near lower sternal edge 'lub' ```
51
Valve positions (3,3,4,4)
``` PULMONARY = medial to l cc3 AORTIC = medial to l ics 3 MITRAL = medial to l cc4 TRICUSPID = medial to r ics 4 ```
52
Myocardial infarction
``` sudden occlusion of a major artery by an embolus - causes necrosis. most common sites: -RCA -Anterior IV branch of LCA -Circumflex branch of LCA ```
53
Coronary atherosclerosis
lipid deposits in the intima of ca - results in stenosis of lumen of artery
54
coronary bypass graft
obstruction of coronary circulation and severe angina segment of artery/vein connected to ascending aorta or proximal part of ca then to ca distal to the stenosis great saphenous vein or radial artery used shunts blood from aorta to a stenotic ca to increase flow distal to the obstruction
55
coronary angioplasty
catheter w small inflatable balloon into attached ca balloon inflated at obstruction, flattening plaque against vessel wall and vessel stretched to increase size of lumen, increasing blood flow. thrombokinase injected through catheter to dissolve clot intravascular stent used to maintain dilation
56
echocardiography
records position and motion of heart using ultrasonic waves directed through thorax detects fluid in pericardial cavity
57
cardiac referred pain
phenomenon whereby noxious stimuli originating in the heart are perceived by the person as pain arising from different part of body e.g. jaw or left shoulder
58
Injury to conducting system of heart
``` Anterior IV (LAD) branch supplies AV bundle RCA supply AVN and SAN damage to AVN = heart block -- atrial excitation doesnt reach ventricles-ventricles contract independently slower than normal rate ```
59
embryological changes in heart at birth
Foramen ovale closes --> fossa ovale to prevent blood mixing between atria ductus anteriosus - connects aorta and pulm artery in fetus. Becomes ligamentum arteriosum -prevents o2 and deo2 blood mixing Ductus venosum - liver-used to bypass hepatic circulation, becomes ligamentum venosum
60
Moderator band
Muscular band of heart tissue in RV one of the trabeculae carnae and carries part of r branch of AV bundle from septum to anterior papillary muscle on opp side of ventricle wall

Anatomy (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions