Heart and Neck Vessels

Question 1

Apex of the heart

Answer 1

lowest superficial part of the heart

Question 2

Apical Impulse

Answer 2

point of maximal impulse
note: location - usually the fourth or fifth intercostal or midclavicular line; size - normally 1x2 cm; amplitude - short, gentle tap; duration - short, usually only first half of systole

Question 3

Base of the heart

Answer 3

top of the heart

Question 4

Bradycardia

Answer 4

resting heart rate of under 60 bpm

Question 5

Clubbing of the nails

Answer 5

deforming of the fingernails

Question 6

Cyanosis

Answer 6

blue or purple color due to lack of oxygen

Question 7

Dyspnea

Answer 7

difficulty or painful breathing

Question 8

Edema

Answer 8

fluid buildup in the tissues, swelling

Question 9

Erb’s point

Answer 9

third intercostal space on the left sternal border where S2 is best auscultated

Question 10

Murmur

Answer 10

abnormal turbulent blood flow, and collision occurs resulting in blowing, swooshing sound
characteristics : timing, loudness (grades i-vi), pitch, pattern, quality, location, radiation, posture
caused by a cardiac disorder

Question 11

First heart sound (normally S1)

Answer 11

occurs with the closure of the AV valves (or mitral and the tricuspid valve) and signs the beginning of systole, loudest at the apex of the heart

Question 12

Second heart sound (normally S2)

Answer 12

occurs with the closure of the semilunar valve (or pulmonic and aortic valves) and signals the end of systole, loudest at the base of the heart

Question 13

Third Heart Sound (S3)

Answer 13

normally diastole is a silent event but in some conditions ventricular filling creates vibrations that can be heard over the chest; occurs when ventricles are resistant to fill during rapid filling; Kentucky with -ky being the third heart sound; caused by heart failure, or valvular dysfunction

Question 14

Fourth heart sound (S4)

Answer 14

end of diastole, at presystole, when the ventricle is resisting to fill; caused by a ventricular dysfunction; Tennessee with ten being the fourth heart sound

Question 15

Tachycardia

Answer 15

resting heart rate of over 100 bpm

Question 16

Palpable thrill

Answer 16

palpable murmur, feels like a kitten purring, indicating a faulty valve.

Question 17

Flow of Blood

Answer 17

Vena Cava > R Atrium > Tricuspid valve > R Ventricle > Pulmonic Valve > Pulmonary Artery > Lungs > Four Pulmonary Veins > L Atrium> Mitral Valve > L Ventricle > Aortic Valve > Aorta > Body

Question 18

Fetal Heart

Answer 18

Foramen ovale - hole connecting L and R atrium; closes at birth
Ductus Arteriosus - hole connecting the pulmonary artery and the aorta; closes at birth

Question 19

CAD risk factors (Coronary Artery Disease)

Answer 19

elevated cholesterol, elevated BP, Diabetes Mellitus or sugars over 130, Smoking, obesity

Question 20

Subjective

Answer 20

chest pain, dyspnea, orthopnea, cough, fatigue, cyanosis, edema, nocturia, cardiac hx, family cardiac hx, personal habits

Question 21

PQRST wave

Answer 21

P - depolarization of the atria
QRS complex - depolarization of the ventricles
T - repolarization of the ventricles
PR interval - time necessary for atrial depolarization plus time for the impulse to travel through the AV node to the ventricles - P wave to beginning of QRS complex

Question 22

SA node

Answer 22

pacemaker of the heart

Question 23

Bruit

Answer 23

blowing, swishing sound indicating blood flow turbulence due to a local vascular cause, such as atherosclerotic narrowing

Question 24

Heave or Lift

Answer 24

sustained forceful thrusting of the ventricle during systole, inspection

Question 25

Thrill

Answer 25

palpable vibration, feels like the throat of a cat purring, signifies turbulent

Question 26

Orthostatic hypotension

Answer 26

sudden drop in blood pressure when rising to sit or stand

Question 27

Sinus Arrhythmia

Answer 27

rhythm varies with the person’s breathing, increasing at the peak of inspiration and slowing with expiration; normal for young adults and children

Question 28

Pulse deficit

Answer 28

signals weak contraction of the ventricles. this occurs with a fib, premature beats, and heart failure.

Question 29

Infants heart rate

Answer 29

Birth - heart rate between 100-180; stabilizes to 120-140 per minute; Crying - 170 + per minute, sleeping - 70-90 per minute