Heart and Neck Vessels Flashcards
Apex of the heart
lowest superficial part of the heart
Apical Impulse
point of maximal impulse
note: location - usually the fourth or fifth intercostal or midclavicular line; size - normally 1x2 cm; amplitude - short, gentle tap; duration - short, usually only first half of systole
Base of the heart
top of the heart
Bradycardia
resting heart rate of under 60 bpm
Clubbing of the nails
deforming of the fingernails
Cyanosis
blue or purple color due to lack of oxygen
Dyspnea
difficulty or painful breathing
Edema
fluid buildup in the tissues, swelling
Erb’s point
third intercostal space on the left sternal border where S2 is best auscultated
Murmur
abnormal turbulent blood flow, and collision occurs resulting in blowing, swooshing sound
characteristics : timing, loudness (grades i-vi), pitch, pattern, quality, location, radiation, posture
caused by a cardiac disorder
First heart sound (normally S1)
occurs with the closure of the AV valves (or mitral and the tricuspid valve) and signs the beginning of systole, loudest at the apex of the heart
Second heart sound (normally S2)
occurs with the closure of the semilunar valve (or pulmonic and aortic valves) and signals the end of systole, loudest at the base of the heart
Third Heart Sound (S3)
normally diastole is a silent event but in some conditions ventricular filling creates vibrations that can be heard over the chest; occurs when ventricles are resistant to fill during rapid filling; Kentucky with -ky being the third heart sound; caused by heart failure, or valvular dysfunction
Fourth heart sound (S4)
end of diastole, at presystole, when the ventricle is resisting to fill; caused by a ventricular dysfunction; Tennessee with ten being the fourth heart sound
Tachycardia
resting heart rate of over 100 bpm
Palpable thrill
palpable murmur, feels like a kitten purring, indicating a faulty valve.
Flow of Blood
Vena Cava > R Atrium > Tricuspid valve > R Ventricle > Pulmonic Valve > Pulmonary Artery > Lungs > Four Pulmonary Veins > L Atrium> Mitral Valve > L Ventricle > Aortic Valve > Aorta > Body
Fetal Heart
Foramen ovale - hole connecting L and R atrium; closes at birth
Ductus Arteriosus - hole connecting the pulmonary artery and the aorta; closes at birth
CAD risk factors (Coronary Artery Disease)
elevated cholesterol, elevated BP, Diabetes Mellitus or sugars over 130, Smoking, obesity
Subjective
chest pain, dyspnea, orthopnea, cough, fatigue, cyanosis, edema, nocturia, cardiac hx, family cardiac hx, personal habits
PQRST wave
P - depolarization of the atria
QRS complex - depolarization of the ventricles
T - repolarization of the ventricles
PR interval - time necessary for atrial depolarization plus time for the impulse to travel through the AV node to the ventricles - P wave to beginning of QRS complex
SA node
pacemaker of the heart
Bruit
blowing, swishing sound indicating blood flow turbulence due to a local vascular cause, such as atherosclerotic narrowing
Heave or Lift
sustained forceful thrusting of the ventricle during systole, inspection
