Heart and neck and Peripheral vascular assessment Exam2 Flashcards
What valve closing sound can you hear where? S1 and S2
S1: loudest at Apex, closure of AV valve S2: loudest at Base, closure of semilunar valve
The quantity of blood forced out of the left ventricle with each contraction is called the ______ ______
Stroke Volume (SV)
The amount of blood pumped per minute by the heart is the _______ ______
Cardiac Output (CO) averages from 3.5 L/min to 8.0 L/min in a healthy adult
SV x HR =
CO (cardiac output)
97% of the oxygen in the body is carried by red blood cells as part of hemoglobin in the form of _____________
oxyhemoglobin
Carbon dioxide is also carried by hemoglobin easily in the form of _________________
carboxyhemoglobin
Where is the SA Node located?
upper right atrium just below the opening of superior vena cava
which node initiates transmission of electrical impulses causing contraction of the heart at regular intervals?
SA Node
Which node is referred to as the pacemaker?
SA Node
When the electrical impulses reach the AV node, (located at the bottom of the right atrium),it enters a group of fibers called what?
atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
What does “APE To Man” represent, name the areas
Auscultatory Areas of heart in order. Aortic area Pulmonic area Erbs point Tricuspid area Mitral area
What does ventricular hypertrophy mean?
lift at the ventricles
What is S3? (irregularity)
murmur
What is Lisinopril used to treat, and what class of drug is it in? (discussed in class) people prescribed this don’t like to take it because it has cough as a side effect
treats hypertention (high blood pressure) ACE
When someone has peripheral edema (pitting), what is causing this problem?
problem with the pump
When someone has non-pitting edema, what is causing the problem?
kidney problem (diuretic)
What is the difference concerning pain between MI (myocardial infarction) and Angina?
similar to MI but the chest pain will go away. (comes and goes)
Which heart disease is commonly associated with Angina?
CAD (coronary artery disease)
When tissue doesnt get the oxygen it needs, what is the medical term for this?
ischemia
Are dysrhythmia and arrhythmia the same thing?
yes
Dysrhythmias/arrhythmias cause disturbances of heart ____, heart ______, or both
heart rate heart rhythm
Angina and MI can result from __________ ________
myocardial ischemia
Which cholesterol is the “bad” and which kind is the “good”?
LDL= bad HDL= good
Angina is a precursor for __________ __________
myocardial infarction (MI)
Why does the tissue never come back with Myocardial Infarctions?
necrosis of myocardium
MI (heart attack) is one type of acute coronary syndrome characterized by the death of heart tissue due to lack of ______
oxygen
3 causes of angina
CAD, emotion, exertion
What is included in the peripheral vascular system?
vessels for transporting blood, fluid, or lymph (Arteries, veins, lymph system)
When someone has……
- decreased CO
- Low BP
- Pulmonary congestion
- Dyspnea
- Orthopnea
- Extremity edema
- JVD (jugular vein distention
what could all of these symtpms mean?
Heart Failure
What is a pressure wave in an artery?
a pulse
What could be a cause of JVD (jugular vein distention)?
venous congestion
fatique can be associate with _________ Cardiac ouput
decreased CO
If the kidneys are going to compensate for a decrease in CO (cardiac output) what will they be retaining? what will be a side effect of this
sodium and water
decreased urine output
- peripheral edema
- jugular vein distention
- acsites hepatomegaly
- fatigue
- anorexia/nausea
What are all of the symptoms pointing to, Right-sided Heart failure or Left-sided Heart failure?
Right-sided Heart Failure
- Tachycardia
- Dyspnea cough
- crackles in the lungs
- confusion
- decreased cerebral perfusion
- shortness of breath
- swollen feet
- can’t think
- can’t lie down
What would all of these signs/symptoms be pointing to, Right-sided Heart Failure or Left-sided heart failure?
left-sided heart failure
What do skeletel muscles have to do with Venous flow?
they contract and milk the blood proximally back toward the heart
Are veins more superficial or less superficial than arteries?
more superficial
What two things propel the lymphatic system?
contraction of skeletal muscle
pressure changes with breathing
What are the two main trunks (ducts) of the Lymphatic system?
Right Lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct
What does the lymphatic system do?
retrieves escess fluid from tissue spaces (uses valves)
List Three functions of the Lymphatic System
- Conserve fluid and plasma proteins
- major part of immune system
- absorb lipids from intestinal tract
Define claudication
(is it subjective or objective?)
pain and cramping in the lower leg
subjective data
give the 4 different discriptive words defining a force/strength characteristic of a pulse
- strong
- weak
- thready
- bounding
What do each of these ratings signify when documenting force/strength of a pulse?
0 =
1+ =
2+ =
3+ =
4+ =
0 = no pulse
1+ = barely
2+ = normal
3+ = increased
4+ = bounding
When assessing peripheral vascular system, how do you perform the assessment for checking for edema?
firmly depress skin for 5 seconds and release
pitting edema scale.
what do they each mean…
1+
2+
3+
4+
1+ = mild, slight indentation
2+ = Moderate pitting, indent subsides rapidly
3+ = deep pitting, indentation remains for short time
4+ = Very deep pitting, indentation lasts long time, leg is very swollen
List some risk factors for venous disease
- prolonged standing, sitting, bedrest
- Hypercoagualable states
- Vein wall trauma
- Obesity and later months of pregnancy
- history of heart failure
List some risk factors for arterial disease
- Older adults
- inherited predisposition
- Hypertension
- Smoking
- Diabetes
- Incresed lipid levels
- Obesity
- Vascular disease
compare and contrast arterial insufficiency and venous insufficiency
How do you assess for DVT
(deep vein thrombosis)
measure calf
do ultrasound
What type of aphasia would someone with CVA most likely have?
expressive aphasia
For peripheral vascular disease
- claudication
- relief with rest
- Pale,cyanosis, shiny, muscle atrophy
- ischemic ulcer with NO Bleeding
which are we talking about, arterial or venous?
arterial
for peripheral vascular disease
claudication and
- pain with prolonged standing and sitting
- relief with walking
- brown discoloration
- Stasis ulcer drainage/ BLOOD
what are these signs of, aterial or venous?
Venous
What is the purpose of the buncle of His?
slow down the impulse so the ventricles can fill properly
What do the Purkinje fibers do?
spread the contraction across the heart
