Heart and Circulatory System Flashcards
What is mass flow?
The transport of blood in one direction
What is the importance of the circulatory system?
Regulation of body temperature
What is collagen ?
Tough FIBROUS protein
What is the importance of collagen?
Making heart muscle walls strong and durable
What is the importance of elastic fibres?
Allows walls to stretch and recoil
What is the importance of smooth muscle cells?
Allows walls to constrict and dilate
What is thromboplastin?
An enzyme that acts as a clotting agent
What conditions does thromboplastin work in?
Ca2+ and Vitamin K
What is the purpose of converting fibrinogen into fibrin?
To form a mesh that traps red blood cells
What are the consequences of atherosclerosis?
Coronary heart disease Angina Stroke
What is LYMPH?
Excess tissue fluid that’s not in venuous return
What is an ODEMA?
Fluid build up in tissues leading to swelling
What is diastolic pressure?
When ventricles relax - the lowest blood pressure
What is systolic pressure?
When ventricles contract - the highest blood pressure
What is the traditional device used to measure blood pressure?
A sphygmomanometer
What is peripheral resistance?
When contact between blood and blood vessel walls causes friction and impedes blood flow
What is a symptom of odema?
restricted body movement
What do ACE inhibitors do?
Cause vasoconstriction of blood vessels
What are the side effects of ACE inhibitors?
Dizziness, Dry Cough, Abnormal heart rhythms
What do Calcium Channel Blockers do?
Block Ca2+ channels in muscle cells stopping muscle contraction so muscle walls don’t contract - lowers blood pressure
What are the three main forms of treatment for blood pressure?
ACE inhibitors Calcium Channel Blockers Diuretics
What are the side effects of Calcium Channel Blockers?
Dizziness, Abnormal heart rhythms, Constipation
Why aren’t calcium channel blockers prescribed to people who have had a myocardial infarction?
It can make symptoms worse or fatal
What do diuretics do?
Increase volume of urine produced.
How does increasing water loss decrease blood pressure?
Decreasing excess fluids and salt decreases blood plasma and cardiac output
What are the side effects of diuretics?
Dizziness, Nausea, Muscle Cramps.
What is the effect of aspirin on CVD?
Reduces the ‘stickiness’ of platelets and the likelihood of clot formation
Give an example of an anticoagulant/ Platelet inhibitory treatment
Aspirin/ Clopidogrel/ Warfin
What are Aspirin and Clopidogrel examples of?
Anticoagulants/ Platelet inhibitory treatment
What do anticoagulants do?
Reduce the stickiness of platelets; reduce the likelihood of clots forming
What are the risks of anticoagulants/Platelet inhibitory treatments?
Internal bleeding
Haemorrhage
Stomach ulcers
What does Warfin do?
Thins the blood Affects the synthesis of clotting factors
What is the difference between Asparin and Warfin?
Warfin can have greater effects; the risk of bleeding is much higher for Warfin than Asparin
What are cholesterol lowering drugs collectively known as?
(Plant) Statins
What is a risk of using statins?
Dizziness Allergies Muscle pain Liver/ kidney {damage / failure} Diabetes
Why do multi-cellular organisms need a circulatory system?
Diffusion would be too slow (over distance) To distribute {oxygen / named material} to all parts of the animal ; Mass {flow / transport} ;
What is the purpose of the aorta?
To carry oxygenated blood away from the right ventricle to cells of the body
What is the purpose of the vena cava?
To return deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart
What type of protein does active transport use?
Protein CARRIER
What is the difference between a protein carrier and a channel protein?
Channels open and close; Carriers bind to the appropriate molecule and change shape (allowing entry)
In atherosclerosis, what does a plaque consist of?
Fatty deposits
How do plaques form in atherosclerosis?
Damage to the endothelial cells
Where are the semilunar valves found?
The base of the aorta
Where are elastic fibres found?
Tunica media
What is the heart muscle in the walls of the heart known as?
CARDIAC/ Myogenic
Give two differences between an artery and a capillary?
