Context: Cystic Fibrosis + Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards
What is mass flow?
The transport of blood in one direction
What is the specific heat capacity defined as?
The amount of energy required to increase 1g of water by 1 degree C
What is thromboplastin?
An enzyme that acts as a clotting agent
What conditions does thromboplastin work in?
Ca2+ and Vitamin K
What is the purpose of converting fibrinogen into fibrin?
To form a mesh that traps red blood cells
What are the consequences of atherosclerosis?
Coronary heart disease
Angina
Stroke
What is an ANEURYSM?
The result of an artery bulging as it fills with blood
List 3 different types of general risk factors
Genetics
Physical environment
Social environment
Lifestyle and behaviour choices
What are the features of a good study?
Controlling variables - Increasing validity
Clear Aim
Representative sample
Valid and reliable results
What is hypertension?
High blood pressure
What is systolic pressure?
When ventricles contract - the highest blood pressure
What do ACE inhibitors do?
Cause vasoconstriction of blood vessels
What are the side effects of ACE inhibitors?
Dizziness, Dry Cough, Abnormal heart rhythms
What do Calcium Channel Blockers do?
Block Ca2+ channels in muscle cells stopping muscle contraction so muscle walls don’t contract - lowers blood pressure
What are the three main forms of treatment for blood pressure?
ACE inhibitors
Calcium Channel Blockers
Diuretics
What are the side effects of Calcium Channel Blockers?
Dizziness, Abnormal heart rhythms, Constipation
Why aren’t calcium channel blockers prescribed to people who have had a myocardial infarction?
It can make symptoms worse or fatal
What do diuretics do?
Increase volume of urine produced.
How does increasing water loss decrease blood pressure?
Decreasing excess fluids and salt decreases blood plasma and cardiac output
What are the side effects of diuretics?
Dizziness, Nausea, Muscle Cramps.
What is the effect of aspirin on CVD?
Reduces the ‘stickiness’ of platelets and the likelihood of clot formation
Give an example of an anticoagulant/ Platelet inhibitory treatment
Aspirin/ Clopidogrel/ Warfin
What are Aspirin and Clopidogrel examples of?
Anticoagulants/ Platelet inhibitory treatment
What do anticoagulants do?
Reduce the stickiness of platelets; reduce the likelihood of clots forming
What are the risks of anticoagulants/Platelet inhibitory treatments?
Excessive bleeding
What does Warfin do?
Thins the blood
Affects the synthesis of clotting factors
What is the difference between Asparin and Warfin?
Warfin can have greater effects; the risk of bleeding is much higher for Warfin than Asparin
What are cholesterol lowering drugs collectively known as?
(Plant) Statins
What is a risk of using statins?
Dizziness
Allergies
Muscle pain
Liver/ kidney {damage / failure}
DiabetesWhat do statins do?
Inhibit an enzyme involved in the production of LDLs
What is the effect of statins on CVD?
Decrease the risk of stroke and CHD.
How can you reduce the risk of CVD through diet?
Less sat fats More polyunsat fats Less cholesterol More fibre Less salt More fruit + veg More foods with sterols + stanols
What lifestyle changes (excl. diet) can you make to reduce the risk of CVD?
Stop smoking
Maintain a normal BMI/ Waist-to-hip ratio
Taking part in moderate exercise
Reduce alcohol consumption
What are examples of medication for cystic fibrosis?
Bronchodilators
Antibiotics
DNAase enzymes
Steroids
What do bronchodilators do for CF sufferers?
Inhaled through a nebuliser, the drugs relax the muscles in the airways
What do antibiotics do for CF sufferers?
To kill/ prevent growth of bacteria in the lungs
What do DNAase enzymes do for CF sufferers?
break down DNA so that mucus is easier to clear from the lungs
What do steroids do for CF sufferers?
Reduce lung inflammation
Why is diet important for CF sufferers?
Malabsorption syndrome - Sufferers are required to eat high energy foods (double the recommended protein), some need salt supplements
Why is physiotherapy important for CF sufferers?
Rhythmical tapping of the chest cavity walls can help loosen the mucus and improve flow of air in and out of the lungs.
What would be an appropriate way to treat cystic fibrosis if the lungs/heart are too damaged for treatments to be effective?
Transplants
Why is fertility reduced in women suffering from CF?
The mucus plug develops in the cervix stopping sperm reaching the egg
Why is fertility reduced in men suffering from CF?
The sperm duct (vas deferens) [isn’t present at all / is blocked by a thick sticky mucus layer] so sperm can’t leave the testes
What do epithelial cells consist of?
One or more layers of cells sitting on a basement membrane made of protein fibres
What do goblet cells do?
Make mucus
What are squamous/ pavement cells?
Very thin flattened cells that fit together like paving.
Where are pavement cells found?
The walls of alveoli and capilaries
What are columnar cells?
Column shaped epithelial cells that extend out from the basement membrane. The free surface facing the intestine is normally covered in microvilli - increases SA:Vol ratio
Where are columnar cells found?
The small intestine
What are ciliated cells?
Tissue covered in cilia on the free surface which beat and move substances (e.g. mucus) along the tube they line.
Each cell touches the basement membrane.
Where are ciliated cells found?
Trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
Why are ciliated cells often known as PSEUDOSTRATIFIED?
It looks like it has layers- the nuclei are in different places in the cells but each cell touches the basement membrane.
How thick can squamous cells be?
Can be less than 0.2 micrometres thick
What is the difference between ciliated cells and columnar cells?
Columnar are covered in microvilli on their free surface whereas ciliated are covered in cilia. They’re found in different places.
What is bad about the mucus in CF sufferers?
Thick + sticky - cilia can’t beak it away
Traps bacteria -increases risk of infection
Results in difficulty breathing
What is a risk of using antihypertensives?
Drowsiness
Dizziness
Name a difference between the structure of HDL and LDL
HDL contains less cholesterol
HDL has more protein
HDL is smaller
What does BMI have to do with blood pressure?
Maintaining a healthy one (if necessary, lowering) lowers blood pressure
