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Biology > Context: Cystic Fibrosis + Cardiovascular Disease > Flashcards

Context: Cystic Fibrosis + Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What is mass flow?

A

The transport of blood in one direction

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2
Q

What is the specific heat capacity defined as?

A

The amount of energy required to increase 1g of water by 1 degree C

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3
Q

What is thromboplastin?

A

An enzyme that acts as a clotting agent

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4
Q

What conditions does thromboplastin work in?

A

Ca2+ and Vitamin K

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5
Q

What is the purpose of converting fibrinogen into fibrin?

A

To form a mesh that traps red blood cells

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6
Q

What are the consequences of atherosclerosis?

A

Coronary heart disease
Angina
Stroke

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7
Q

What is an ANEURYSM?

A

The result of an artery bulging as it fills with blood

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8
Q

List 3 different types of general risk factors

A

Genetics
Physical environment
Social environment
Lifestyle and behaviour choices

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9
Q

What are the features of a good study?

A

Controlling variables - Increasing validity
Clear Aim
Representative sample
Valid and reliable results

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10
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure

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11
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

When ventricles contract - the highest blood pressure

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12
Q

What do ACE inhibitors do?

A

Cause vasoconstriction of blood vessels

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13
Q

What are the side effects of ACE inhibitors?

A

Dizziness, Dry Cough, Abnormal heart rhythms

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14
Q

What do Calcium Channel Blockers do?

A

Block Ca2+ channels in muscle cells stopping muscle contraction so muscle walls don’t contract - lowers blood pressure

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15
Q

What are the three main forms of treatment for blood pressure?

A

ACE inhibitors
Calcium Channel Blockers
Diuretics

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16
Q

What are the side effects of Calcium Channel Blockers?

A

Dizziness, Abnormal heart rhythms, Constipation

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17
Q

Why aren’t calcium channel blockers prescribed to people who have had a myocardial infarction?

A

It can make symptoms worse or fatal

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18
Q

What do diuretics do?

A

Increase volume of urine produced.

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19
Q

How does increasing water loss decrease blood pressure?

A

Decreasing excess fluids and salt decreases blood plasma and cardiac output

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20
Q

What are the side effects of diuretics?

A

Dizziness, Nausea, Muscle Cramps.

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21
Q

What is the effect of aspirin on CVD?

A

Reduces the ‘stickiness’ of platelets and the likelihood of clot formation

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22
Q

Give an example of an anticoagulant/ Platelet inhibitory treatment

A

Aspirin/ Clopidogrel/ Warfin

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23
Q

What are Aspirin and Clopidogrel examples of?

A

Anticoagulants/ Platelet inhibitory treatment

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24
Q

What do anticoagulants do?

A

Reduce the stickiness of platelets; reduce the likelihood of clots forming

25
Q

What are the risks of anticoagulants/Platelet inhibitory treatments?

A

Excessive bleeding

26
Q

What does Warfin do?

A

Thins the blood

Affects the synthesis of clotting factors

27
Q

What is the difference between Asparin and Warfin?

A

Warfin can have greater effects; the risk of bleeding is much higher for Warfin than Asparin

28
Q

What are cholesterol lowering drugs collectively known as?

A

(Plant) Statins

29
Q

What is a risk of using statins?

A 
Dizziness
Allergies
Muscle pain
Liver/ kidney {damage / failure} 
Diabetes
30
Q

What do statins do?

A

Inhibit an enzyme involved in the production of LDLs

31
Q

What is the effect of statins on CVD?

A

Decrease the risk of stroke and CHD.

32
Q

How can you reduce the risk of CVD through diet?

A 
Less sat fats
More polyunsat fats
Less cholesterol
More fibre
Less salt
More fruit + veg
More foods with sterols + stanols
33
Q

What lifestyle changes (excl. diet) can you make to reduce the risk of CVD?

A

Stop smoking
Maintain a normal BMI/ Waist-to-hip ratio
Taking part in moderate exercise
Reduce alcohol consumption

34
Q

What are examples of medication for cystic fibrosis?

A

Bronchodilators
Antibiotics
DNAase enzymes
Steroids

35
Q

What do bronchodilators do for CF sufferers?

A

Inhaled through a nebuliser, the drugs relax the muscles in the airways

36
Q

What do antibiotics do for CF sufferers?

A

To kill/ prevent growth of bacteria in the lungs

37
Q

What do DNAase enzymes do for CF sufferers?

A

break down DNA so that mucus is easier to clear from the lungs

38
Q

What do steroids do for CF sufferers?

A

Reduce lung inflammation

39
Q

Why is diet important for CF sufferers?

A

Malabsorption syndrome - Sufferers are required to eat high energy foods (double the recommended protein), some need salt supplements

40
Q

Why is physiotherapy important for CF sufferers?

A

Rhythmical tapping of the chest cavity walls can help loosen the mucus and improve flow of air in and out of the lungs.

41
Q

What would be an appropriate way to treat cystic fibrosis if the lungs/heart are too damaged for treatments to be effective?

A

Transplants

42
Q

Why is fertility reduced in women suffering from CF?

A

The mucus plug develops in the cervix stopping sperm reaching the egg

43
Q

Why is fertility reduced in men suffering from CF?

A

The sperm duct (vas deferens) [isn’t present at all / is blocked by a thick sticky mucus layer] so sperm can’t leave the testes

44
Q

What do epithelial cells consist of?

A

One or more layers of cells sitting on a basement membrane made of protein fibres

45
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

Make mucus

46
Q

What are squamous/ pavement cells?

A

Very thin flattened cells that fit together like paving.

47
Q

Where are pavement cells found?

A

The walls of alveoli and capilaries

48
Q

What are columnar cells?

A

Column shaped epithelial cells that extend out from the basement membrane. The free surface facing the intestine is normally covered in microvilli - increases SA:Vol ratio

49
Q

Where are columnar cells found?

A

The small intestine

50
Q

What are ciliated cells?

A

Tissue covered in cilia on the free surface which beat and move substances (e.g. mucus) along the tube they line.
Each cell touches the basement membrane.

51
Q

Where are ciliated cells found?

A

Trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

52
Q

Why are ciliated cells often known as PSEUDOSTRATIFIED?

A

It looks like it has layers- the nuclei are in different places in the cells but each cell touches the basement membrane.

53
Q

How thick can squamous cells be?

A

Can be less than 0.2 micrometres thick

54
Q

What is the difference between ciliated cells and columnar cells?

A

Columnar are covered in microvilli on their free surface whereas ciliated are covered in cilia. They’re found in different places.

55
Q

What is bad about the mucus in CF sufferers?

A

Thick + sticky - cilia can’t beak it away
Traps bacteria -increases risk of infection
Results in difficulty breathing

56
Q

What is a risk of using antihypertensives?

A

Drowsiness

Dizziness

57
Q

Name a difference between the structure of HDL and LDL

A

HDL contains less cholesterol
HDL has more protein
HDL is smaller

58
Q

What does BMI have to do with blood pressure?

A

Maintaining a healthy one (if necessary, lowering) lowers blood pressure

Biology (22 decks)

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