Heart and Circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • transport of nutrients, oxygen and hormones throughout the body and removal of metabolic waste
  • protection of the body by white blood cells, antibodies and complement proteins that circulate in the blood and defend the body against foreign microbes and toxins. (Clotting agents are also present that protect the body from loss of blood)
  • regulation of body temperature, fluid pH, and water content of cells
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2
Q

What is the arterial system?

A

the vessels that carry blood around the body

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3
Q

What is microcirculation?

A

Where transfer of nutrients, waste and water occurs - capillaries, arterioles, venules

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4
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

pumps blood around the cardiovascular system

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5
Q

What are the two circuits in the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Pulmonary - carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart
  • systemic - carries blood away from heart and delivers to tissues and organs, then returns blood back to heart - distinct form pulmonary circuit
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6
Q

Where does the functional aspect of the cardiovascular system occur?

A

In the capillaries where the exchange of gasses and nutrients occurs

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7
Q

Where is most blood in the heart found?

A

the left side

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8
Q

What side of the heart has higher muscle mass and why?

A

left side because it is used to pump blood around the body

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9
Q

What lines the walls of the heart

A

squamous epithelial cells

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10
Q

How does contraction work?

A

atria contract just before ventricles

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11
Q

What organ regulated blood volume? Why is blood volume important? What adds resistance to blood pressure?

A

the kidneys and to maintain blood pressure

arteries add pressure

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12
Q

What is the location of the heart?

A

lies centrally in the chest, between the lungs and pleura, in the middle mediastenum

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13
Q

What surrounds the heart?

A

pericardial sac of fibrous tissue that is lined by a serous, slippery membrane that secretes a small amount of lubricating fluid - mesothelial layers - allows free movement

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14
Q

What is the front of the heart called?

A

sternocostal surface

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15
Q

Where are the auricles found?

A

anterior surface of the outer walls of the atria

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16
Q

What is the function of the auricles?

A

increase the volume of blood the heart can hold

17
Q

What is the bottom of the heart called?

A

diaphragmatic surface (mainly left ventricle)

18
Q

How does deoxygenated blood return to the heart?

A

vena cavae (superior and inferior) (veins) into the right atrium

19
Q

What valve lies between the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

tricuspid valve

20
Q

Where does blood go from the right ventricle?

A

pulmonary trunk where it divides into right and left pulmonary arteries to the lungs where blood is oxygenated (pulmonary circulation)

21
Q

How does blood return from the lungs?

A

via the left and right, superior and inferior pulmonary veins to the left atrium

22
Q

What valve lies between the left atrium and left ventricle?

A

mitral/bicuspid valve

23
Q

Where does blood go from the left ventricle?

A

aorta which pumps blood around the body

24
Q

What lines all blood vessels?

A

endothelial cells

25
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

a collection of veinsjoined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the heart muscle (myocardium). It delivers deoxygenated blood to the right atrium, as do the superior and inferior vena cavae. It is present in all mammals, including humans.

26
Q

What enters the right atrium?

A

deoxygenated blood via the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

27
Q

What is the fossa ovals?

A

vestige of the foramen ovale which is a shunt in embryo that allows oxygenated foetal blood (coming from mother) to bypass non ventilated foetal lungs

28
Q

What nodes are present in the right atrium?

A

Sino-atrial node and atrio-ventricular node

29
Q

What is also known as the natural pace maker of the heart?

A

the Sino-atrial node - electrically conductive tissue that generates action potential spontaneously

30
Q

What does the left atrium consist of?

A

left and right pulmonary veins (superior and inferior)
left auricle (receives blood from pulmonary veins
no nodes

31
Q

What are papillary muscles?

A

muscles located in the ventricles, they attach to the cusps of antrioventricular valves to prevent prolapse of the valves on systesol - along with tendinous cords

32
Q

What is laminar blood flow?

A

the normal condition for blood flow throughout most of the circulatory system

33
Q

What ensures laminar blood flow into the pulmonary trunk and aorta?

A

smooth ventricle walls near its outflow

34
Q

What is systole?

A

when ventricles contract

35
Q

What is diastole

A

when ventricles relax

36
Q

Where does the heart receive its blood supply from?

A

coronary arteries (left and right)

37
Q

What controls the speed of the S-A node (pacemaker)?

A

the autonomic nervous system

38
Q

What is the Bundle of His?

A

part of the electrical conduction system of the heart, that transmits impulses from the atrioventricular node, located at the inferior end of the interatrial septum, to the ventricles of the heart. - it is the only route in which conduction can pass from the AV node - it continues into the right and left bundle branches that spread conduction through each ventricle

39
Q

Where does the wave of conduction (and contraction) in the heart occur?

A

passes from Sino-atrial node (SA node) through the atria to the atrioventricular node (AV node)