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MD2001 Week 3 > Blood Vessels and Lymphatics > Flashcards

Blood Vessels and Lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of blood vessels?

A
  • tunica interna/intima
  • tunica media
  • tunica externa/adventitia
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2
Q

Tunica interna/intima?

A

endothelium + connective tissue

  • simple squamous epithelium
  • entire vascular system including lining of heart chambers
  • endothelium releases endothelins which constricts smooth muscle within walls of vessels to increase blood pressure
  • basement membrane binds endothelium to connective tissue
  • in large arteries - thick layer of elastic fibres known as internal elastic membrane at the boundary of tunica media - provides structure and stretch
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3
Q

Tunica media?

A

muscle + connective tissue

  • concentric layers of smooth muscle cells
  • varying amounts of elastic fibres that support muscle cells
  • thickest layer in arteries
  • vasoconstriction - contraction of circular muscles
  • vasodilation - relaxation of circular muscles
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4
Q

Tunica externa/adventitia?

A

thick layer of connective tissue

  • sheath of longitudinally orientated connective tissue
  • mainly collagen I fibres
  • thickest layer in veins - may be thicker than media in some arteries
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5
Q

Order of vascular tree?

A
  • elastic arteries
  • muscular arteries
  • arterioles
  • capillaries
  • venules
  • medium veins
  • large veins
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6
Q

Elastic (large) arteries?

A
  • conducting
  • elastic
  • expand during systsole
  • elastic recoil during diastole drives blood onwards
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7
Q

Muscular arteries?

A
  • thick layer of circular smooth muscle in tunica media
  • control distribution of blood, regulate blood flow by contraction/relaxation
  • can increase in diameter
  • contract to prevent haemorrhage
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8
Q

Arch of aorta branches?

A

> brachiocephalic trunk - right common carotid artery - right subclavian artery
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery
(lateral/inferior to arch - ascending and descending (thoracic) aorta)

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9
Q

Upper limb arteries? (5)

A
  • subclavian
  • axillary
  • brachial
  • radial
  • ulnar
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10
Q

Anastomosis?

A

connection between two blood vessels

- needed for compromising positions of joints - found at all joints

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11
Q

Arterial anastomosis of the hand?

A

deep and superficial palmar arches - derived from radial and ulnar arteries
- ensures supply to hand and fingers in any position of the upper limb

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12
Q

Large arteries of the trunk? (3)

A
  • descending thoracic aorta
  • abdominal aorta
  • common iliac artery
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13
Q

Lower limb arteries? above knee

A
  • femoral (common, deep and superficial)

- popliteal

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14
Q

Lower limb arteries? below knee

A
  • anterior tibial
  • tibio-peroneal (tibio-fubular) trunk
  • peroneal (fibular)
  • posterior tibial
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15
Q

Position of the femoral artery?

A

in the groin

  • vein medially
  • femoral nerves lateral
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16
Q

Branching arteries getting smaller?

A
  • arterioles (smaller than 0.5mm)
  • metarterioles (same diameter as capillaries but with a layer of smooth muscle cells)
  • capillaries - tube of endothelium only - no smooth muscle
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17
Q

Capillaries?

A
  • endothelial cells and basal lamina
  • form networks - capillaries beds
  • exchange of gases, nutrients, hormones via active transport, passive transport
  • no smooth muscle
  • only small contraction in pericytes - enclosed by basal lamina
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18
Q

What regulates blood flow in capillaries?

A

pre-capilary sphincter

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19
Q

Venules?

A
  • smallest veins
  • thin media - only a few smooth muscle fibres
  • leukocytes can pass through walls into surrounding tissues
  • one way blood flow - valves - covered in endothelium
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20
Q

Compare veins to arteries?

A
  • veins always look bigger
  • artery small lumen thicker wall
  • vein flat, artery round
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21
Q

Relation of veins and arteries to each other?

A

large arteries - separate veins alongside
smaller arteries - venue comitantes around them - pulsation of artery helps venous return to heart (radial, anterior tibial)

22
Q

What is thrombosis?

A
  • blood clot

- caused by plaques of atheroma forming within arteries

23
Q

Lower limb veins?

A
  • deep veins accompany the arteries - same names

- superficial veins lie directly under skin - great (long) saphenous vein, small (short) saphenous vein

24
Q

What connects deep and superficial veins?

A

perforating veins

- superficial to deep due to valves

25
Q

What causes varicose veins?

A

incompetence of valves

26
Q

What helps with venous return to the heart against gravity?

A
  • valves
  • contraction of muscles
  • arterial pulsation
  • negative inter thoracic pressure
27
Q

Upper limb veins?

A
  • deep - with arteries - same names
  • superficial - lie under skin - cephalic , basilica, median cubital ( used in phlebotomy) - care to avoid brachial artery and median nerve
    (connection between deep and superficial not as important as in lower limb)
28
Q

Inferior vena cava?

A 
venous blood of 
- lower lombs
-pelvic organs
- kidneys 
- abdominal walls
drain to IVC which enters tight atrium after passing through diaphragm
29
Q

Superior vena cava?

A

drains venous blood of:

  • head, neck, upper limbs
  • azygos vein drains venous blood of thoracic wall to SVC
30
Q

Azygous system?

A
  • thoracic veins
  • enters SVC
  • doesn’t follow arterial supply
31
Q

(hepatic) Portal vein?

A

venous blood from the GI tract, spleen do not return directly to heart
- venous blood goes through liver before joining the IVC

32
Q

Vaso vasorum?

A
  • found in larger vessels
  • network of small vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels
  • vessels branch into adventina and outer of media
  • nourish the media
  • because of muscles in vessels they need blood
33
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

A

> lymph - fluid between cells
lymphatic vessels - carry lymph
lymph nodes - filter lymph
lymph organs

34
Q

List lymph organs?

A
  • tonsils - around oral and nasal cavities
  • thymus
  • spleen
  • certain regions on the walls of small intestines
35
Q

Lymphocytes?

A
  • WBCs

- formed and stored at lymph nodes and lymph organs

36
Q

Function of lymphatic system?

A
  • part of immune system

- helps veins to remove interstitial fluid which becomes lymph

37
Q

What are lymph capillaries?

A
  • absorb interstitial fluid
  • thin walled endothelial tubes
  • join lymph vessels
38
Q

Lymph nodes?

A
  • clustered at specific sites

- contain lots of leukocytes - part of immune system

39
Q

Superficial lymph nodes?

A
  • related to veins

- just below skin

40
Q

Deep lymph nodes?

A
  • related to arteries

- deeper

41
Q

Features of lymph vessels?

A
  • valves that prevent retrograde flow (back flow)

- contraction of muscle and pulsation of arteries allow flow of lymph to lymph nodes

42
Q

How does the lymphatic system relate to cancer?

A
  • lymphatic system mops the interstitial space - can cause spread of disease - cancer cells become detached from tumour
  • cancer cells may enter lymph capillaries then lymph vessels and be carried to lymph nodes where leucocytes try to fight them
  • some cancer can grow in lymph nodes and give rise to secondary tumours (metastasis)
  • if cancer is expected always examine lymph nodes - of disease has spread - not good for prognosis
43
Q

What lymph nodes are palpable?

A

superficial if enlarged

44
Q

superficial/deep Inguinal lymph node features?

A
  • superficial
  • groin area - inferior to inguinal ligament
  • clustered around great saphenous vein (superficial lower limb vein)
    ( - deep inguinal vein located deeper alongside femoral artery and vein)
  • these nodes drain - lower limbs, buttock, external genitalia, lower back, abdominal wall below umbilicus - infection of these areas causes enlarged nodes
45
Q

Axillary lymph nodes?

A
  • located in axillary fossa (armpit)
  • axillary artery, axillary vein
  • lateral to, medial , deep to pectorals minor
  • lymph comes from upper limbs, anterior and posterior thoracic walls, upper abdominal wall above umbilicus and breast
46
Q

Cervical superficial lymph nodes?

A
  • under jaw,
  • over parotid,(salivary gland)
  • behind ear,
  • occipital (back lobe of brain)
    drain head and neck
47
Q

Cervical superficial lymph nodes?

A

alongside internal jugular vein

- drain head and neck

48
Q

After drained what happens to lymph?

A

always returns to venous system

49
Q

Largest lymph vessel?

A

thoracic duct

50
Q

thoracic duct?

A

drains - lower limbs, abdominal and pelvic organs and cavities

  • opens at junction of left subclavian and internal jugular veins (left pirgoffs angle) - into systemic circulation
  • receives lymph from upper left limb, left side of head and neck, left side of thoracic cavity/organs
  • lymph from rest of body is drained by right lymphatic duct - opens into systemic circulation at junction of right subclavian vein and right internal jugular veins

MD2001 Week 3 (8 decks)

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