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BMS10 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart found?

A

Mediastinum in the pericardium

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2
Q

Where is the mediastinum?

A

Between the pleural cavities

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3
Q

What features of the left lung allow the heart to fit?

A

Cardiac notch

Lingula

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4
Q

Where is the apex of the heart?

A

5th intercostal space, left of sternum

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5
Q

What is the path of blood flow into the right ventricle (systemically)?

A

Internal jugular and subclavian join to form brachiocephalic (L & R)

Brachiocephalic veins join to form superior vena cava

Inferior vena cava drains abdomen and lower limbs

Coronary sinus

All of these go into the right atrium and then blood moves through the tricuspid valve into right ventricle

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6
Q

How many vessels enter the left atrium and what are they called?

A

Two pairs

Pulmonary veins

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7
Q

What valve is between the left atrium and ventricle?

A

Mitral valve

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8
Q

What are the three branches of the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

Left common carotid

Left subclavian

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9
Q

What do valves do?

A

Prevent backflow of blood

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10
Q

What are the shapes of the atrioventricular valves described as?

A

Parachute-shaped

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11
Q

When are the atrioventricular valves shut?

A

Ventricular systole

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12
Q

When are the semilunar valves open?

A

Ventricular systole

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13
Q

How many cusps do each of the atrioventricular valves have?

A

Tricuspid - 3

Mitral - 2

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14
Q

What do papillary muscles do?

A

Hold chordae tendineae taut so atrioventricular valves do not prolapse

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15
Q

Where are papillary muscles found?

A

Ventricles

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16
Q

How many cusps do the semilunar valves have?

A

3

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17
Q

Where would you put a stethoscope to hear the sound of the mitral valve?

A

5th intercostal space, left of sternum (apex)

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18
Q

Where would you put a stethoscope to hear the sound of the tricuspid valve?

A

5th intercostal space, just left of sternum

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19
Q

Where would you put a stethoscope to hear the sound of the pulmonary valve?

A

2nd intercostal space, left of sternum

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20
Q

Where would you put a stethoscope to hear the sound of the aortic valve?

A

2nd intercostal space, right of sternum

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21
Q

When emerging from the heart/ventricles, which artery is anterior?

A

Pulmonary

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22
Q

Where is the right auricle?

A

Covers right atrium and hugs aorta

23
Q

Where are pectinate muscles found?

A

Atria (less so in the left atrium)

24
Q

What do pectinate muscles do?

A

Aid atrial systole

25
Q

What is the fossa ovalis and where is it found?

A

Remnant of the developmental foramen ovale

Thumb-like depression in inter-atrial septum

26
Q

What is trabeculae carnae and where is it found?

A

Meaty muscles partially lining ventricle walls

27
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum and where is it found?

A

Remnant of ductus arteriosis

Between pulmonary artery and aortic arch

28
Q

What vessels supply oxygenated blood to the heart?

A

Coronary arteries

29
Q

Where do coronary arteries arise?

A

Aortic sinuses, just superior to aortic valve

30
Q

What does the right coronary artery “pass through”?

A

Right atrioventricular groove

31
Q

What are the three branches of the right coronary artery?

A

Nodal branch

Right marginal branch

Posterior interventricular branch

32
Q

What does the nodal branch supply?

A

Conducting system of heart (SAN and AVN)

33
Q

What would happen if the nodal branch was blocked?

A

Heart would not beat

34
Q

What makes a heart “right dominant”?

A

Blood supply for nodes comes from right coronary artery

35
Q

What are the branches of the left coronary artery?

A

Anterior interventricular branch

Circumflex branch

Left marginal branch

36
Q

What is another name for the anterior interventricular branch?

A

Left anterior descending

37
Q

What does the anterior interventricular branch supply?

A

Left ventricle

38
Q

Where does the circumflex branch go?

A

Curves under left auricle to posterior of heart

39
Q

Describe the venous drainage system of the heart

A

Great, middle and small cardiac veins drain into coronary sinus into the right atrium

40
Q

Where does the coronary sinus run?

A

Posteriorly between atria and ventricles

41
Q

Where does the great cardiac vein run?

A

With left anterior interventricular branch

42
Q

Where does the middle cardiac vein run?

A

In posterior interventricular groove

43
Q

Where does the small cardiac vein run?

A

With right marginal artery

44
Q

What is the cardiac skeleton and its functions?

A

Fibrous connective tissue

  • allows sequential contraction (insulates)
  • fibrous rings anchor valve cusps
  • points of insertion of bundles of heart muscle
45
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node found?

A

Right atrium

46
Q

Where is the atrioventricular node found?

A

Atrial side of cardiac skeleton

47
Q

What does the sinoatrial node do?

A

Releases spontaneous electrical stimuli at a regular rate

48
Q

Describe the conduction of electrical stimuli through the heart

A

Generated spontaneously by SAN

Travels down walls of atria and converges on AVN

After a short delay, signal passes down bundle of His in interventricular septum

Then along Purkinje fibres

Ventricles contract bottom-up

49
Q

What are the layers of the pericardial sac?

A

Visceral pericardium/epicardium (serous)

Parietal pericardium (serous)

Fibrous pericardium

50
Q

What is a difference between the pericardium and pleura?

A

No negative pressure in pericardium

51
Q

What is the space between the serous pericardium layers called?

A

Pericardial cavity

52
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium?

A

Restrictive capsule of heart

53
Q

What is the pericardial sac attached to?

A

Central tendon of diaphragm

Sternum

54
Q

What are the functions of the pericardial sac?

A

Anchor

Prevent overfilling

Protection

Lubrication

BMS10 (13 decks)

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