Heart

Question 1

what are three branches of arch of aorta?

Answer 1

1. Brachiocephalic trunk (branching to right common carotid and subclavian vessels)
2. Left common carotid
3. Left subclavian arteries

Question 2

what is pericardium?

Answer 2

the outer layer of the pericardium is mainly fibrous tissues and forms a tough sac which encloses heart

Question 3

position of phrenic nerves on either side of pericardium?

Answer 3

right side: starts offfrom large veins(superior vena cava , cephalic), passes on top of hilum
Left side: aorta, over hilum

Question 4

phrenic nerve passes into spinal cord through

Answer 4

the cervical C3,4,5 nerve roots

Question 5

what branch left vagus nerve to give off?

Answer 5

left recurrent laryngeal from behind the arch of aorta

tumor in your left lung will give hoarse voice, paralysis of vocal cord and sometimes breathlessness

Question 6

motor and sensory innervation to diaphragm?

Answer 6

sole motor supply to the diaphragm is via phrenic nerves, root C3,4,5
sensory input from mediastinal pleura, diaphragmatic pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium.
phrenic nerve leave diaphragm at T8

Question 7

what are 8 vessels which connect heart to other structures?

Answer 7

Aorta, pulmonary artery, 4 pulmonary veins, superior and inferior vena cava

Question 8

what is the surface marking for the apex of the heart?

Answer 8

5th intercostal space, midclavicular line

Question 9

the structure on left border of the heart

Answer 9

1.left ventricle 2. left pulmonary artery 3. left auricle appendages

Question 10

developmental significance of ligamentum arteriosum?

Answer 10

shunt between aorta and pulmonary artery as lungs aren’t active in foetus

Question 11

what is fossa ovali?

Answer 11

shunt or flaps between atriums for blood flow in foetus

Question 12

layers of pericardium

Answer 12

1. outer fibrous layer
2. parietal serrous layer
3. visceral serrous layer

Question 13

pathways, root of vagus nerve

Answer 13

LEFT VAGUS NERVE; Aorta, behind the hilum, pass through esophagus, branches at oesophagus into oesophageal plexus, leave thorax LA (anterior gastric nerve), go through diaphragm T10 (oesophageal hiatus)
RIGHT VAGUS NERVE: Trachea, cross behind hilum, run-pass esophagus, branch at oesophagus into oesophageal plexus, leave thorax as posterior gastric
nerve(PG), go through oesophageal hiatus T10