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Gross Anatomy 2 - Block 1 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What are the big picture ideas of the heart?

A 
Location
Pericardium
External Structure
Circulation
Internal Structure
Coronary Circulation
Conduction
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2
Q

Describe the location of the heart

A

Superiorly - the heart is suspended in the rib cage by the great vessels
Anteriorly - body of the sternum and the thymus
Anterolateral/lateral/posterolateral - lungs and its pleura
Posteriorly - right and left lung/esophagus/aorta
Inferiorly - inferior vena cava penetrates diaphragm on the right side - diaphragmatic portion of parietal pericardium/pericardial sac is fused with central tendon of the diaphragm

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3
Q

Describe what is superior to the heart

A

The heart is suspended in the rib cage by the great vessels

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4
Q

Describe what is anterior to the heart

A

The body of the sternum and the thymus

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5
Q

Describe what is anterolateral/lateral/posterolateral to the heart

A

Lungs and its pleura

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6
Q

Describe what is posterior to the heart

A

Parts of the lungs
Esophagus
Aorta

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7
Q

Describe what is inferior to the heart and their relationship

A

Diaphragm - pericardial sac is firmly fused to the central tendon of the diaphragm

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8
Q

What structure of the heart pierces the diaphragm?

A

Inferior vena cava

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9
Q

What structure encloses the heart and the proximal portion of the great vessels, originating and terminating in the heart, consisting of a parietal and visceral component?

A

Pericardium

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10
Q

Define and describe the pericardium

A

Originating and terminating in the heart, the pericardium encloses the heart and the proximal portions of the great vessels - consists of both a parietal and a visceral component

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11
Q

Describe the parietal pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium with a serous lining

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12
Q

Describe the visceral pericardium

A

Inner layer of serous pericardium that covers the origins and terminations of great vessels and the heart

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13
Q

What is another term for visceral pericardium

A

Epicardium

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14
Q

Describe the pericardial cavity

A

Between the parietal and the visceral pericardium - surfaces are in contact but are covered in a watery fluid to reduce friction during contractions

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15
Q

What are the external structures of the heart?

A 
Base
Apex
Coronary Sulcus
Anterior and Posterior Interventricular Sulci
Auricle
Cardiac Fat
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16
Q

Describe the base of the heart

A

Top of the heart - heart is suspected at its base by the great vessels

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17
Q

Describe the apex of the heart

A

The apex is the area at which the heart comes to a point at the bottom - points anteriorly, inferiorly, and towards the left

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18
Q

Describe the coronary sulcus of the heart

A

Groove in the heart separating the ventricles

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19
Q

Describe the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci of the heart

A

Groove on the anterior and posterior of the heart that divide the right and left ventricles - meeting at the notch near the apex

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20
Q

Describe the auricle of the heart

A

An appendage of the atrium - strong muscles that help empty the atrium

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21
Q

Describe cardiac fat

A

Varying amounts of fat the occupy the sulci of the heart

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22
Q

In relation to the chambers of the heart, which is mostly posterior?

A

Left atrium

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23
Q

In relation to the chambers of the heart, which sits most anteriorly, occupying most of the sternocostal surface?

A

Right ventricle

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24
Q

In regards to basic circulation by the heart, what are the primary divisions?

A

Systemic circulation

Pulmonary Circulation

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25
Q

What are the internal structures of the heart?

A

Left and Right Atria

Left and Right Ventricles

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26
Q

What are the main functions of atria of the heart?

A

Receive blood

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27
Q

What are the main functions of the ventricles of the heart?

A

Pump blood to body and lungs

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28
Q

What is the sequence of blood flow in the heart?

A

Right atrium to right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation back to the left atrium to the left ventricle to pump to the body

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29
Q

What are the parts of the right atrium of the heart?

A

Principal cavity

Auricle

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30
Q

Which vessels empty blood into the right atrium of the heart?

A 
Anterior cardiac veins
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus
Thebesian veins (venarum minimarum)
31
Q

How many vessels empty blood into the right atrium of the heart?

A

5

32
Q

Of the vessels that empty blood into the right atrium of the heart, how many are myocardial?

A

3 myocardial vessels

  • coronary sinus
  • anterior cardiac veins
  • Thebesian veins
33
Q

Of the vessels that empty blood into the right atrium of the heart, which are not myocardial vessels?

A

Superior vena cava

Inferior vena cava

34
Q

Which structure of the heart separates the right atrium from the left atrium?

A

Interatrial septum

35
Q

Describe the fossa ovalis of the heart

A

The remains of the aperture of the foramen ovale in the interatrial septum through which blood flows from the right atrium to the left atrium before birth

36
Q

Describe the foramen ovale of the heart

A

The foramen of the heart through which blood flows from the right to the left atrium in the fetus before birth (since blood does not go to the lungs to get oxygenated in the fetus)

37
Q

What is the limbus of the fossa ovalis of the heart?

A

A raised margin of the fossa located above and anteriorly to the fossa

38
Q

What is the purpose of the limbus of the fossa ovalis?

A

Directs blood flow

39
Q

What are the valves associated with the right atrium of the heart?

A

Valve of the inferior vena cava
Valve of the coronary sinus
Tricuspid Valve

40
Q

Describe the valve of the inferior vena cava of the right atrium of the heart

A

Falciform fold (much larger in fetus) directs blood from inferior vena cava directly through foramen ovale into atrium in fetal life

41
Q

Describe the valve of the coronary sinus of the right atrium of the heart

A

A small fold - incompetent in preventing back-flow into coronary sinus

42
Q

Describe the tricuspid valve of the right atrium of the heart

A

Guards the right atrioventricular ostium

43
Q

Describe the crista terminal is of the right atrium of the heart

A

Muscular ridge extends downward from near the ostium of the superior vena cava towards the front of the inferior vena cava (smooth from pectinate)

44
Q

Describe the pectinate muscles of the right atrium of the heart

A

Muscular ridges within the right auricle of the right atrium of the heart

45
Q

Describe the right auricle of the right atrium of the heart

A

Blind ear-shaped pouch extending anteroinferiorly from the heart

46
Q

What is the function of right ventricle of the heart?

A

Pumps blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation of the blood

47
Q

How do the walls of the right ventricle differ from the walls of the left ventricle of the heart and why?

A

Walls of the right ventricle are generally about a 1/3 of the thickness of the walls of the left ventricle because the right ventricle pumps blood only to the lungs

48
Q

Describe the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle of the heart

A

Funnel-shaped upper end of right ventricle which gives rise to pulmonary trunk

49
Q

Describe the chordae tendineae of the right ventricle of the heart

A

Fibrous cords extending from the cusps of the tricuspid valve to the ends of the papillary muscles

50
Q

Describe the trabeculae carneae of the right ventricle of the heart

A

Ridge-like bundles of muscles which project into the cavity of the ventricle - a particularly prominent muscle of this group is the moderator band - contains the right crus of the AV bundle

51
Q

What is the other term for the moderator band of the right ventricle of the heart?

A

Septomarginal trabecula

52
Q

What are the valves associated with the left ventricle of the heart?

A 
Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary valve (semilunar)
53
Q

Describe the pulmonary valve of the right ventricle of the heart

A

Lies anterior to the aortic valve and consists of a semilunar valve

54
Q

What is the function of the left atrium of the heart?

A

Receive oxygenated blood from the lungs

55
Q

How does the left atrium compare in size to the right atrium?

A

The left atrium is smaller than the right atrium

56
Q

What are the vessels that empty into the left atrium of the heart?

A

4 pulmonary veins

57
Q

What are the structures of the left atrium of the heart?

A

Interatrial septum

Left auricle

58
Q

What is the function of the left ventricle?

A

Pump oxygenated blood to the body

59
Q

True or false: The apex of the left ventricle is also the apex of the heart

A

True

60
Q

What are the structures of the left ventricle?

A

Chordae tendineae
Papillary muscles
Trabeculae carneae
Interventricular septum

61
Q

What are the valves associated with the left ventricle?

A

Bicuspid/mitral valve

Aortic valve

62
Q

Describe the bicuspid/mitral valve of the left ventricle of the heart

A

Guards the left AV ostium (large opening from left atrium to left ventricle)

63
Q

How many cusps does the mitral valve of the left ventricle have?

A

2 cusps - bicuspid

64
Q

Describe the aortic valve of the left ventricle of the heart

A

Located behind the pulmonary valve
Composed of 3 cusps
Prevents regurgitation of blood into the ventricle while pressure in aorta is high

65
Q

Of the valves of the heart, which wears out most frequently?

A

Mitral valve of the left ventricle - creates regurgitation of blood back into left atrium

66
Q

Viewed from above the heart (having removed atria and arteries), which valve is most anterior?

A

Pulmonary valve

67
Q

Viewed from above the heart (having removed atria and arteries), which valve is most in the “middle”?

A

Aortic valve

68
Q

Viewed from above the heart (having removed atria and arteries), which valve is on the left?

A

Bicuspid valve

69
Q

Viewed from above the heart (having removed atria and arteries), which valve is on the right?

A

Tricuspid Valve

70
Q

Describe stenosis and calcium deposits in terms of the heart

A

Stenosis describes hardening of the valves after calcium deposits within the valves

71
Q

What happens to the heart in response to stenosis of the valves?

A

Growth of the heart muscle occurs in response to stenosis of the valves - myocardium can be anywhere from 1/4”-1/2” thick but with stenosis can enlarge to approx an 1” thick

72
Q

Describe myocardial infarction

A

Obstruction of a coronary artery that leads to anoxia of the heart area supplied, resulting in a heart attack

73
Q

True or false: Coronary arteries and cardiac veins are quite variable in origin, course, and termination

A

True

Gross Anatomy 2 - Block 1 (7 decks)

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