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Healthy Body > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What’s ischemia

A

Insufficient blood flow to supply the heart

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2
Q

What’s atherosclerosis?

A

Thickening of coronary arteries

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3
Q

What are the causation for Myocardial infraction

A

1- atherosclerosis
2- thrombosis blood clot
3- drug
4- surgery

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4
Q

What’s the treatment called for heart attack?

A

Balloon angioplasty and stents

  • dye shows blockage in coronary arteries
  • guide wire inflated to allow insertion of wire stent
  • pump up stent
  • unblock vessel
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5
Q

What’s the symptoms for meningitis

A

Seizure, loss of consciousness

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6
Q

What causes meningtis

A

Bacterial infection in CSF, cause increasing pressure in the brain

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7
Q

What cell generate CSF?

A

Specialised epithelial cells -choroid plexus

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8
Q

How does CSF get into vein in the brain?

A

Passive Diffusion through valves on top of brain called arachnoid villus

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9
Q

Whats Bbb consist of?

A

Epithelial cells with right junctions

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10
Q

What substances are less permeable to BBB than other … substance ?

A

Protein and drugs
Less permeable to Bbb
Than lipophilic molecules like alcohol and anaesthetics

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11
Q

What causes stroke?

A

Loss of blood supply to brain, death of neurones

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12
Q

Does brain store glycogen?

A

No, need constant supply of glucose and oxygen

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13
Q

Describe the composition of fluid compartment

A

Total 42L
Intracellular =28L
Extracellular =14L (interstitial 11L, plasma 3L)

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14
Q

One osmole (osm) is?

A

1 osm= 1 mole (6.02 x 10^23) of solute particles in 1L os solution

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15
Q

Osmolarity is independent of

A

MW

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16
Q

What molecule can cross a selectively permeable membrane (Ie a cellular membrane)?

A

Only permeable to water

Impermeable to solutes (ions) such as na, k, cl

17
Q

Define osmotic pressure

A

Pressure required to prevent osmosis

18
Q

What is heart sound caused by?

A

The closure of heart valves

19
Q

What’s the first sound and second sound of heart cause by?

A

First- closure of AV valves ‘lub’
Onset of systole (contraction)

Second- closure of pulmonary, aortic semilunar valves ‘dub’
Onset of diastole (relaxation)

20
Q

What are the three factors that regulate stroke volume?

A
  1. Filling pressure
  2. Contractility -sympathetic nerves, circulating hormones
  3. Arterial pressure opposing ejection
21
Q

What factors affect the filling pressure (CVP) therefore the EDV? (Pre load)

A

The end diastolic ventricular volume (EDV)
GBRSCS : Gravity (reduce CVP), blood volume (dehydration- reduce CVP), respiration (ins- increase, ex- reduce), sympathetic nerves - contraction of central and peripheral veins (increase CVP), skeletal muscle pumping -blood squeezed back to heart (increase CVP)

22
Q

Define the frank starling mechanism

A

Ventricles contract with greater force (Ie stroke volume) if it contains more blood (ie EDV)

23
Q

How does the F-S mechanism maintains the balance bw E and L heart (prevent lung blood from accumulating)

A

Increase in venous blood return to R ventricle then increase contraction
More blood to lungs
Increase in venous blood return to L ventricle then increase contraction
Increase stroke volume
Blood doesn’t accumulate in lungs

24
Q

What are the characteristics and effects of sympathetic nerve?

A

Sym– GIW: via sympathetic ganglion, increase HR, stimulates the WHOLE heart.
– release NA, beta 1 adrenergic receptor on SAN, increase Na/ Ca influx, increase rate of depolarisation, increase HR (tachycardia)

25
Q

What type of AR is in the arteriole?

A

Alpha 1

26
Q

What are the 3 causes of hypotension?

A

Hypotension= reduction in arterial pressure

  1. Loss of blood (heamorrhage)
  2. Loss of salt (burns, sweat, diarrhoea, committing)
  3. Stree/ emotion (fairing)
27
Q

Describe standing up affects on BP

And how CVS compensate

A

Standing -effects of gravity leads to blood pooling in legs

  • reduced BV, lowering CVP
  • reduced venous return, reduced EDV pressure
  • reduced stroke volume
  • reduced BP

Baroreceptor reflex compensate -increase BP by reducing nerve firing -release of A

28
Q

Sympathetic nerves release NA/A which bind to alpha 1, beta 1, beta 2 receptors, what are their functions?

A

Alpha 1 : arteriole constriction
Beta 1: vein construction–> frank starling mechanism
Beta 2: skeletal muscle vessel dilation

29
Q

What’s osmotic pressure and what does it in direct proportional to?

A

Pressure required to prevent osmosis

Proportional to solute conc

30
Q

What’s the purpose of osmosis between cell and interstitial fluid?

A

Determine the water distribution ie the size of the intra extra cellular compartments

31
Q

Capillary membrane is semi permeable, what does it mean?

A

Permits diffusion of ions water oxygen nutrient and waste

NOT protein

32
Q

What’s the hydrostatic pressure at arteriolar and venous end of capillary?

A

35mmHg

15mmHg

33
Q

What are the 2 major roles of lymphatic system

A

1- drainage (from tissue to CVS)

2- immune response

34
Q

Describe the process of drainage in lymph system

A

Fluid (8L/day) from blood to ISF
EX fluid passes to lymph capillaries - lymph node -lymph vessel -neck (thoracic duct to subclavian corn)
Collects fats from liver and SI deposits it into veins

35
Q

What feature of lymph vessel helps in dranage?

A

Valves
Smooth muscle spontaneous contraction due pacemaker cells
Breathing

36
Q

Describe the process of immune response by lymph system

A

Lymph fluid contains WBCs :
Lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells.
Detect ANTIGENS from passing fluid
Recognised by B-lymphocytes in lymph nodes
Activation of immunity
B Cells and other immune cells in lymph node produce ANTIBODIES

37
Q

What are the major vessels to heart (artery and veins

A

Arteries : aorta, carotid, radial, brachial

Veins: vena cava, jugular

38
Q

Exchange occurs through BBB via?

A

Diffusion down gradient

Facilitated by slow movement of blood and large SA

Healthy Body (9 decks)

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