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HAE - Quiz 3 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Coronary Sulcus

A
  • groove on the external surface of the heart that marks the position of the interatrial septum
  • conveys coronary vessels
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2
Q

Interventricular Sulcus

A
  • groove on the external surface of the heart that marks the position of the interventricular septum
  • conveys coronary vessels
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3
Q

Interatrial Septum

A
  • internal partition between the right and left atria
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4
Q

Interventricular Septum

A
  • internal partition between the right and left ventricles
  • primarily made up of muscle with small area of membrane
  • defects often located in membranous part of septum
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5
Q

Crista Terminalis

A
  • a ridge that separates the smooth part (der. sinus venosus) from the rough part (der. primitive atrium) of the right atrium
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6
Q

Pectinate Muscles

A
  • comb-like muscular ridges found on the wall of part of the right atrium and within the left auricle
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7
Q

Fossa Ovalis

A
  • an oval-shaped depression on the interatrial septum of the right atrium that marks the location of the foramen ovale that was present in the fetus
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8
Q

Valve of Foramen Ovale

A
  • piece of tissue on the interatrial septum of the left atrium that is a remnant of the primitive interatrial septum in the embryo - septum primum
  • valve typically completely fused with interatrial wall (although occasionally incomplete fusion causing a small opening in the interatrial septum)
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9
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A
  • valve between the right atrium and right ventricle
  • aka Right Atrioventricular Valve
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10
Q

Pulmonary (Semilunar) Valve

A
  • valve between the conus arteriosus and the pulmonary trunk
  • consists of three cup-like cusps that have a central thickening called a nodule that is imp for valve closure
  • passively opened by blood flow during systole
  • during diastole, blood falls back down outflow tract and collects in sinuses of semilunar valve, causing nodules to meet and form an inverted pyramid - prevents cusps from descending further and keeps valve closed
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11
Q

Trabeculae Carnea

A
  • muscular bundles on the walls of the ventricles
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12
Q

Papillary Muscles

A
  • muscles attached to the atrioventricular valve cusps via chordae tendinae
  • function to hold valve closed during systole preventing the valve cusps from flapping back into atria
  • DO NOT contract to open the valve
  • i.e. opening is passive, closing is active*
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13
Q

Moderator Band

A
  • band of muscle containing conductive tissue connecting the interventricular septum to the anterior papillary muscle and the anterior wall of the right ventrical
  • aka Septomarginal Trabecula
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14
Q

Conus Arteriosis

A
  • the smooth outflow tract of the right ventricle leading to the pulmonary valve
  • aka infundibulum
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15
Q

Bicuspid Valve

A
  • aka Mitral Valve
  • valve in the heart between the LA and LV
  • aka Left Atrioventricular Valve
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16
Q

Aortic Valve

A
  • aka Semilunar Valve
  • the valve in the heart bw the LV and aorta
  • has three cusps with a central nodule on each

**- opening for coronary arteries within two cusps

  • passively opened by blood flow during systole
  • passively closes during diastole (blood flowing back fills cusps and causes closure)
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17
Q

Auricles

A
  • small ear-shaped appendages attached to the atria
  • developmental remnants of primitive atria (no function)
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18
Q

Grooves on the external heart

A
  • Coronary Sulcus - between the atria and ventricles
  • Interventricular Sulcus - between the ventricles
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19
Q

Right Atrium

A

Receives blood from: SVC, IVC, Coronary Sinus

Features:

  • Crista terminalis
  • Pectinate muscles
  • Fossa ovalis
  • Openings for SVC, IVC, Coronary Sinus
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20
Q

Right Ventricle

A

Receives blood from: RA through tricuspid valve

Features:

  • Trabeculae carneae
  • Papillary muscles
  • Chordae tendineae
  • Septomarginal Trabecula (moderator band)
  • Conus arteriosis (infundibulum)
  • Pulmonary (semilunar) valve
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21
Q

Left Atrium

A

Receives blood from: four pulmonary veins

Features:

  • Pectinate muscles
  • Valve of the Foramen Ovale
  • Openings of the four Pulmonary Veins
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22
Q

Left Ventricle

A

Receives blood from: RA through the mitral valve

Features:

  • Trabeculae carneae
  • Chordae tendineae
  • Papillary muscles
  • Aortic (semilunar) valve
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23
Q

Coronary Arteries

A
  • two openings in the aorta within cusps of the aortic semilunar valve
  • blood flows into the arteries when blood flows back into the sinuses of the cusps (i.e. during diastole)
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24
Q

Heart Shape

A
  • cone

Base: posterior, superior, right

  • LA, small part of RA, prosimal parts of great veins (SVC, IVC, pulmonary veins)

Apex: anteroinferior, left

  • LV
  • lies deep to the 5th intercostal space
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25
Q

Anterior (Sternocostal) Surface

A
  • portion of the heart facing anteriorly (posterior to sternum and costal cartilage)
  • RV
26
Q

Posterior Surface

A
  • base of the heart
  • LA, (part of RA attached to SVC and IVC)
27
Q

Right (Pulmonary) Surface

A
  • RA
  • in contact with R lung
28
Q

Left (pulmonary) surface

A
  • LV, L auricle
  • in contact with left lung
29
Q

Inferior (diaphragmatic) Surface

A
  • RV, LV
  • in contact with the diaphragm
30
Q

Right Border

A
  • RA
  • SVC
  • IVC
31
Q

Left Border

A
  • LV
  • Aortic Arch
  • Left auricle
32
Q

Inferior Border

A
  • RV, LV
  • border bw sternocostal and diaphragmatic surfaces
33
Q

Apex

A
  • located at 5th intercostal space
  • located at midclavicular line
  • LV
34
Q

Blood Flow

A

IVC & SVC & Coronary Sinus → RA → Tricuspic Valve → RV → Infundibulum → Pulmonary Semilunar Valve → Pulmonary Trunk → Pulmonary Arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins (4) → Left Atria → Mitral Valve → Left Ventrical → Aortic Semilunar Valve → Aorta → Body during systole, Coronary Arteries during diastole

35
Q

Diastole & Systole

A

Diastole - ventricular relaxation (filling)

Systole - ventricular contraction (emptying)

36
Q

Location of coronary arteries, veins, and branches

A
  • in the grooves of the heart
  • Coronary Sulcus and Interventricular Sulcus
37
Q

Coronary Arteries

A
  • two
  • branch from the ascending aorta

Right Coronary Artery - travels in coronary sulcus

Left Coronary Artery - travels in interventricular sulcus

38
Q

Right Coronary Artery

A
  • emerges from ascending aorta near tip of right auricle
  • travels along the coronary sulcus bw the RA and RV
  • Three important branches:
  • Sinoatrial Node Artery

- Marginal Artery

- Posterior Interventricular Artery

39
Q

Left Coronary Artery

A
  • emerges from the ascending aorta posterior to the pulmonary trunk
  • bifurcates into two branches:
  • Anterior Interventricular Artery (aka LAD - Left Anterior Descending) which travels along the anterior interventricular sulcus - mainly supplies LV

- Circumflex Artery - travels in the coronary sulcus of LH and terminates before reaching posterior interventricular sulcus

40
Q

Pattern of Coronary Arteries

A
  • small anastomoses, but not sufficient to nourish tissue if a major branch occluded
41
Q

Widow Maker

A
  • LAD from Left Coronary Artery (Anterior Interventricular Artery)
42
Q

Cardiac Veins

A
  • venous blood from heart tissue travels to the Coronary Sinus
43
Q

Coronary Sinus

A
  • where most cardiac veins terminate
  • delivers blood to RA
  • sac-like structure on posterior side of the heart
44
Q

Great Cardiac Vein

A
  • originates near the apex of the heart
  • travels along the LAD in the anterior interventricular sulcus → enters cardiac sulcus and travels with circumflex artery to posterior side of heart → merges with coronary sinus
45
Q

Middle Cardiac Vein

A
  • travels in posterior interventricular sulcus with posterior interventricular artery → terminates in coronary sinus
46
Q

Small Cardiac Vein

A
  • travels with marginal branch of right coronary artery → enters coronary sinus near the IVC
47
Q

Anterior Cardiac Veins

A
  • small veins that transmit blood from the LV directly to the RA (i.e. not via the coronary sinus)
48
Q

Cardiac Conduction System

A
  • consists of specialized cardiac muscle cells that conduct electrical impulses

SA Node → AV Node → AV Bundle (of His) → AV Bundle Branches → Purkinje Fibers

49
Q

Cardiac Conducting Cells Blood Supply

A

SA Node & AV Node - Right Coronary Artery

(SA Nodal Artery and Atrioventricular Nodal Artery)

AV Bundle and Branches - Left Coronary Artery

(Anterior Interventricular Artery)

50
Q

Cardiac Plexus

A
  • surrounds the aortic arch and the anterior surface of the tracheal bifurcation
  • Efferent branches supply the heart
  • Afferent neurons from the heart to the CNS
51
Q

Sympathetic Innervation of the Heart

A

Cardiac Nerves

Functions - increase HR, increase contractility

Preganglionic Neurons

Cell body originates lateral horn in T1-T5 of spinal cord → axons enter sympathetic chain → travel up to cervical region (due to dev’t) or stay in thoracic region → synapse in cervical ganglia or thoracic ganglia (depending on where traveled)

Postganglionic Neurons

Leave sympathetic chain as cardiac nerves → enter cardiac plexus → travel to heart

52
Q

Parasympathetic Innervation of the Heart

A

Vagus Nerve (CX - cranial nerve)

Function: decrease HR

Preganglionic Neurons

Cell bodies in brainstem → axons travel in vagus nerves to the thorax → vagus nerve gives off cardiac branches → enter cardiac plexus → Synapse with postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

Postganglionic neurons

Ganglia located in cardiac plexus or on the wall of the heart

53
Q

Visceral Afferent Neurons of the Heart

A

Location - in the cardiac plexus

Purpose: pain and reflex response

  1. carry pain sensations from the heart (pain often from ischemia); Travel: with sympathetic cardiac nerves
  2. carry reflex from the heart (BP changes and chemical content of blood); Travel: with the cardiac branches of the vagus nerves
54
Q

Referred Pain

A
  • pain from the heart often felt in skin of the chest and left arm
  • brain misinterpret the source of afferent neurons because enter the spinal cord together
55
Q

Heart Block

A
  • desynchronization of contraction of the atria with respect to the ventricles
56
Q

Atrioventricular Valves

A
  • Tricuspid and Mitral Valves
  • Close due to papillary muscle contraction
57
Q

Semilunar Valves

A
  • Pulmonary Valve and Aortic Valve
  • Close due to diastole - blood flow back from arteries collects in cusps and causes valves to close
58
Q

Pulmonary Veins

A
  • drain blood into LA
59
Q

Circumflex Artery

A
  • from Left Coronary Artery
  • follows coronary sulcus to posterior side of heart
60
Q

Posterior Interventricular Artery

A
  • from Right Coronary Artery
  • follows coronary Sulcus around to posterior of heart then goes down interventricular sulcus

HAE - Quiz 3 (2 decks)

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