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Gross Anatomy II Unit II > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Fibrous sac which encloses the heart and great vessels

A

pericardium

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2
Q

Strong, dense outer part of pericardium. “cardiac seatbelt”

A

Fibrous pericardium

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3
Q

Connects fibrous pericardium to back of the sternum

A

sternopericardial ligaments

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4
Q

Inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

A

Parietal layer of the serous pericardium

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5
Q

Potential space between the parental and the visceral layers of the serous pericardium

A

Pericardial cavity

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6
Q

Adherent to the outer surface of the heart. AKA “epicardium”

A

Visceral layer of the serous pericardium

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7
Q

Composed mainly of cardiac muscle fibers arranged in a spiral

A

myocardium

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8
Q

The smooth endothelium which lines the inside of the heart

A

endocardium

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9
Q

of chambers in the heart

A

4

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10
Q

Which clinical note involves rapid leakage of fluid into the pericardial cavity, compressing the heart and impeding venous return.

A

Cardiac tamponade

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11
Q

Which vessel is particularly vulnerable in cardiac tamponade?

A

The superior vena cava

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12
Q

Which vessel becomes prominent in cardiac tamponade?

A

The external jugular vein

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13
Q

A subdivision of the pericardial sac which lies posterior to the aorta and pulmonary trunk

A

Transverse pericardial sinus

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14
Q

A subdivision of the pericardial sac which lies posterior to the heart

A

Oblique pericardial sinus

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15
Q

Blood supply to the heart

A

pericardiacophrenic artery **main
Bronchial artery
Esophageal artery
Coronary arteries

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16
Q

Innervation of the heart

A

phrenic nerve -sensory
Sympathetic trunk - vasomotor
Vagus

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17
Q

Between which two structures does the phrenic nerve pass

A

Parietal pleura and fibrous pericardium

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18
Q

T or F: the pericardium is less sensitive to pain than the pleura

A

true

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19
Q

What divides the hear Tinton left and right halves?

A

The septal wall

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20
Q

Blood flow through the heart =

A

R atrium –> R ventricle –> pulmonary trunk –> pulmonary arteries –> lungs –> pulmonary veins –> L atrium –> L ventricle –> systemic circulation

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21
Q

Thickness of chamber walls from thickest to thinnest

A

L ventricle > R ventricle > L atrium > R atrium

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22
Q

An obstruction of a pulmonary artery by blood is clinically known as what

A

Pulmonary embolism

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23
Q

What is caused by a pulmonary embolism?

A

Acute respiratory distress, heart failure, death

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24
Q

This valve is found between the R ventricle and pulmonary trunk and has three cusps

A

Pulmonary valve

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25
Q

This valve is found between the L ventricle and aorta, has 3 cusps

A

Aortic valve

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26
Q

Name the two Semilunar valves of the heart

A

Pulmonary and aortic

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27
Q

This valve is found between the L atrium and L ventricle . It has two cusps

A

Mitral [Bicuspid]

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28
Q

This valve is between the R atrium and R ventricle. Has 3 cusps

A

tricuspid

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29
Q

Name the two atrioventricular valves of the heart

A

Mitral and tricuspid

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30
Q

Name the two atrioventricular valves of the heart

A

Mitral and tricuspid

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31
Q

What produces the “lub” sound of the heart

A

Contraction of the ventricles and closure of the atrioventricular valves

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32
Q

What produces the “dub” sound of the heart

A

Closure of the pulmonary and aortic [ Semilunar ] valves

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33
Q

Where is the Auscultation point of the pulmonary valve

A

Behind the medial end of the 3rd costal cartilage

**most audible over LEFT 2nd INTERCOSTAL SPACE

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34
Q

Where is the Auscultation point of the aortic valve

A

Behind the left half of the sternum, medial to the 3rd intercostal space
**most audible over the RIGHT 2nd INTERCOSTAL SPACE

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35
Q

What is the most frequently diseased valve of the heart

A

Mitral valve

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36
Q

Where is the Auscultation point of the mitral valve

A

Behind the left half of the sternum, medial to the 4th costal cartilage
**most audible over the LEFT 5th INTERCOSTAL SPACE

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37
Q

Where is the Auscultation point of the tricuspid valve

A

Behind the right half of the sternum, medial to the 4th intercostal space
** most audible over the LEFT 5th INTERCOSTAL SPACE

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38
Q

What is the orientation of the heart

A

Forward, downward and to the left

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39
Q

Base formed by

A

L&R atria

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40
Q

What divides the heart into left and right halves?

A

The septal wall

41
Q

Base formed by

A

L&R atria

42
Q

What are the surfaces of the heart

A

Anterior, diaphragmatic, left pulmonary, right pulmonary

43
Q

Structures of the R atrium =

A

R auricle, pectinate muscles, Cristal terminals, sinus of vena cavae, fossa ovalis [limbus fossa ovalis]

44
Q

In 25% of adults, the foramen ovale persists as a small opening in the superior part of the fossa ovalis -name this clinical note

A

Atrial septal defect

45
Q

T or F: in most cases, atrial septa defect is not clinically significant.

A

T

46
Q

A larger defect of the fossa ovalis which causes dilation of the R atrium and ventricle and pulmonary trunk is called:

A

Clinical atrial septal defect

47
Q

Openings in the right atrium

A

Superior and inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, anterior veins of the right ventricle, right ventricle

48
Q

Openings in the right atrium

A

Superior and inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, anterior veins of the right ventricle, right ventricle

49
Q

Which structures are found in the right ventricle

A

trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles, chordae tendinae, conus arteriosus, supraventricular crest, moderator band

50
Q

Openings in the right ventricle

A

Right atrium, pulmonary trunk

51
Q

Structures of the left atrium =

A

Left auricle, pectinate muscles

52
Q

Openings in the left atrium =

A

Pulmonary veins, left ventricle

53
Q

Structures in the left ventricle =

A

trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles, chordae tendinae, aortic vestibule

54
Q

Openings in the left ventricle =

A

Left atrium, aorta

55
Q

How much thicker are the walls of the left atrium than the walls of the right?

A

2-3x

56
Q

Which two valves lack chordae tendinae and papillary muscles?

A

Pulmonary and aortic

57
Q

Which two valves lack chordae tendinae and papillary muscles?

A

Pulmonary and aortic

58
Q

Which two valves close with ventricular contraction?

A

Mitral and tricuspid [atrioventricular]

59
Q

Which two valves open with ventricular contraction?

A

Pulmonary and aortic [ Semilunar]

60
Q

Small central thickening on free edge of each cusp

A

nodules

61
Q

thin, crescent part of the cusps

A

lunules

62
Q

Spaces between the cups and the walls of vessels

A

Pulmonary and aortic sinuses

63
Q

Septum between the two atria

A

Interatrial septum

64
Q

Small septum above tricuspid valve and below mitral valve

A

atrioventricular septum

65
Q

Septum that is thin, smooth and fibrous in structure

A

membranous interventricular septum

66
Q

A very thick septum

A

Muscular interventricular septum

67
Q

The connective tissue framework of the heart

A

Fibrous skeleton of the heart

68
Q

Part of fibrous skeleton that forms the foundation of each of the heart valves

A

Fibrous ring [anuli]

69
Q

Part of the fibrous skeleton that connects the rings together. This is the strongest part of the fibrous skeleton

A

Left and right fibrous trigones

70
Q

Part of the fibrous skeleton that contains: intertribal septum, atrioventricular septum, membranous interventricular septum.

A

Membranous part of the septal wall

71
Q

Functions of the fibrous skeleton

A

Structural framework for the valves, insulate electrical impulses

72
Q

Branches of the right coronary artery

A

sinuatrial nodal artery, right marginal artery, posterior interventricular artery

73
Q

Which artery is known as “the pace maker of the heart”

A

sinuatrial nodal artery

74
Q

Branches of the left coronary artery

A

Anterior interventricular artery, circumflex artery, left marginal artery

75
Q

What does coronary artery dominance refer to?

A

Which coronary artery fives rise to the posterior interventricular artery [Right=70%]

76
Q

What structures does the right coronary artery supply

A

Right atrium, most of right ventricle, diaphragmatic surface of left ventricle, posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum, conduction system

77
Q

What structures does the left coronary artery supply

A

Left atrium, most of left ventricle, part of right ventricle, anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum

78
Q

Which coronary artery ALWAYS supplies a greater portion of the hearts tissue?

A

Left

79
Q

Which coronary artery ALWAYS supplies a greater portion of the hearts tissue?

A

Left

80
Q

The largest vein of the heart. It lies within the coronary sulcus and drains into the right atrium

A

Coronary sinus

81
Q

What are the 5 tributaries of the coronary sinus

A 
Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
Posterior vein of the left ventricle
Oblique vein of the left atrium
82
Q

Smallest veins of the heart. They run within the walls and drain primarily into the right atrium

A

Venae cordis minimae

83
Q

The deposition of lipid plaques on the inner walls of arteries is what

A

atherosclerosis

84
Q

substernal chest pain upon exertion is called what

A

Angina pectoris

85
Q

This occurs when coronary artery branches become completely occluded and a portion of the heart becomes necrotic and is converted into fibrous scar tissue

A

Myocardial infarction

86
Q

Most common sites for MI =

A

Anterior interventricular artery - 40-50%
Right coronary artery - 30-40%
Circumflex artery - 15-20%

87
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the heart

A

subepicardial lymphatic plexus to tracheobronchial node

88
Q

T or F: the heart requires a nerve supply to beat rhythmically?

A

False - has its own mechanism, the conduction system

89
Q

Name the parts of the conduction system

A

sinuatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, R and L bundle branches

90
Q

Name the parts of the conduction system

A

sinuatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, R and L bundle branches

91
Q

Great vessels which exit the heart:

A

Aorta, pulmonary trunk [R and L pulmonary branches]

92
Q

Great vessels which enter the heart

A

Pulmonary veins, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava

93
Q

This is the remnant of embryonic ductus arteriosus. Connects the arch of the aorta to the left pulmonary artery

A

Ligamentous arteriosum

94
Q

This nerve hooks under the arch of the aorta

A

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

95
Q

This nerve hooks under the right subclavian artery

A

Right recurrent laryngeal nerve

96
Q

This structure drains the lymph of the entire body except the right upper extremity, right thoracic cavity, and the right side of the head and neck.

A

Thoracic duct

97
Q

What structure does the thoracic duct originate

A

The cisterna chyli

98
Q

What vertebral level does the thoracic duct cross over to the left?

A

T5/6

Gross Anatomy II Unit II (8 decks)

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