Heart Flashcards
What is atrial systole? On a pressure over time graph of the left atrium and ventricle how would this be depicted?
Compression of the atrium.
On the graph an “A wave” (A for atrium) would signal this increase in pressure in the left atrium and because its continuous with the open left ventricle, it would be represented the same way.
What causes a “C wave,” on a pressure over time graph of the left heart what other event in the heart would you compare it too?
The “C wave” is cause when blood “C”rashes into the closing mitral valve when trying to enter the LV from the LA. This causes a temporary spike in LA pressure. This is analogous to the Dicrotic notch which signals an increase in aortic pressure as the aortic valve closes and blood is unable to flow back into the LV.
What does the point “V” represent in a pressure over time graph of the left heart, and how do you remember it?
The point V (Very full left atrium) is when the pressure in the left atrium is greater than that of the LV and the mitral valve opens, this is accompanied by a drop in pressure in the LA, and the further decrease in pressure of the LV as it continues to relax (and likely expand its volume).
What makes the lub dub sound in a heart and what’s happening between those sounds?
The lub/S1 is the sound made by the closing of the AV valves, between S1 and S2 is systole followed by the dub/S2 which is when the semilunar valves close and diastole follows. Each pair of valves closing occurs when the opposite pair is opening.
What causes the diachronic notch on a pressure volume graph depicting the LV and the aorta?
Systole causes blood in the aorta to push on its inner walls until they are stretched to the max at which point they recoil. The aortic pressure at this point is still rising while the LV pressure is decreasing. This recoil forces blood out in both directions, but as it moves toward the LV the aortic valve closes and that blood comes back; stretching the aorta again and causing a brief spike in pressure in this now “closed system”~no longer continuous with the LV; this forms the diachronic notch.
What is a patent septal defect?
Patent means open or unblocked. A patent foramen ovale (PFO) for example is one which remains open after birth.
What are the 4 defect in the Tetralogy of Fallot and who are the three people responsible for its first operative treatment?
Inter-ventricular septal defect
Pulmonary trunk stenosis
Overriding of the Aorta
Hypertrophy of the right ventricle.
Blalock Tassig and Tomas
Name the 5 fetal circulatory structures necessary for fetal circulation which provide either no function, or dysfunction after birth, and their corresponding adult structural names.
umbilical vein-round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres)
ductus venosus-ligamentum venosum
foramen ovale-fossa ovalis
ductus arteriosis-ligamentum arteriosum
umbillical arteries-median umbilical ligament
The External carotid artery is _______ to the Internal carotid artery?
anterior
The Facial and temporal arteries branch off of which major artery?
External carotid artery
Describe the bulbus cordis
The outflow tract of the embryonic heart between the primitive ventricle and the aorta.
