Heart Flashcards
What are the main functions of the heart and blood?
Mechanical pump
Transport of cellular components and dissolved substances
What are the main functions of arteries and veins?
Arteries = transport blood away from the heart
Veins = Transport blood to the heart
What is the main function of capillaries?
Site of exchange of substances
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
Return tissue fluid to systematic circulation
What species do these 3 circulatory systems match to and what type of systems are they?
- Fish = single closed circulation
- Mammal = double closed circulation
- Amphibian = incomplete double circulatory system
Fill in the blanks:
- The right atrium receives a. blood from around the body via the b.
- The left atrium receives c. blood from the lungs via the d.
a. deoxygenated
b. vena cava
c. oxygenated
d. pulmonary vein
What is the tunica interna, tunica media and tunica externa/adventitia?
Endothelial lining of the blood vessel
Concentric sheets of smooth muscle in the lining of the blood vessel
Connective tissue sheath around the blood vessel
What is the lumen of a blood vessel?
Cavity of that organ
Describe elastic and muscular arteries:
Elastic = Conducting artery, expand during systole and recoil during diastole
Muscular = Medium sized, changes (vasoconstriction/vasodilation) affect blood pressure
Describe arterioles:
Small diameter, which changes in response to local conditions e.g. O2 levels
Describe the appearance of a capillary:
Small diameter, endothelial layer only
Fill in the missing labels:
Describe the following valves (type and side of heart):
Tricuspid
Mitral
Pulmonic
Aortic
Tricuspid - atrioventricular valve, right side
Mitral - atrioventricular valve, left side
Pulmonic - semilunar valve, right side
Aortic - semilunar valve, left side
During systole, the heart muscle…
During diastole, the heart muscle…
…contracts!
…relaxes!
What is a cardiac cycle?
What are the names given to the two main parts of the cardiac cycle?
Complete contraction and relaxation of the heart
Systole and Diastole
Fill in the following blanks on the cardiac cycle:
How many chambers are in the mammalian heart?
How does the heart allow blood in, and how does it expel the blood (very basic answer)?
Which chambers collect blood and which expel blood?
4 - 2 atria, 2 ventricles
Relaxes to take blood in and contracts to expel the blood
Atrium collects blood, ventricles expel blood
Why has the left side of the heart got thicker muscle?
Which species has the tickets muscle on the left side of their heart?
It is the side that the blood is pumped out of
Birds* (left ventricular wall 3x thicker than right)
*see photos
What in the blood is transferred to and from metabolising tissues?
- oxygen and CO2
- Nutrients
- Waste
- Heat
- Hormones
What is the most common issue with the heart seen in practice and what is not?
Most common = heart disease
Least common = heart attack (usually genetic issues not lifestyle issues)
What does heart disease usually involve?
Does heart disease lead to/result in heart failure?
Valve degeneration, causes valve to become incompetent OR the heart muscle becomes diseased causing the heart to have issues with contacting or filling
No, not always
What is heart failure?
Syndrome where the heart fails to deliver blood effectively to metabolising tissues so cannot reach their requirements
In mammals what does the double circulatory system mean?
Oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood cannot mix
What is ventricular systole and what does it result in?
What is ventricular diastole and what does it result in?
Contraction of the ventricles = cardiac output (blood leaving) and the atrioventricular valve closing
Relaxation of the ventricles = ventricular filling (blood entering) and the semi-lunar valve closing