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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What angle is the heart positioned at?

A

45 degrees

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2
Q

What is the pericardial sac?

A

It is the layer that surrounds the heart.

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3
Q

How many layers is the pericardial sac made of?

A

2

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4
Q

What is the outside and inside layers called?

A

Outside: Parietal Layer
Inside: Visceral Layer

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5
Q

What is the parietal layer made from?

A

It is a fibrous and serous layer of tissue. The fibrous later is dense irregular tissue and protects from overexpanding. The serous layer is made of areolar tissue and simple squamous epithelium and its job is to secrete fluid.

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6
Q

What is the visceral layer made from?

A

It is just a serous layer and it is deep areolar tissue and superficial simple squamous tissue. Its job is to line the heart.

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7
Q

What is the gap between the layers called?

A

Pericardial cavity.

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8
Q

How many layers of the heart are there?

A

3

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9
Q

What are the names of the layers of the heart?

A

Epicardium, Myocardium, and Endocardium

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10
Q

What is the function of the epicardium?

A

It is the same as the visceral layer of the pericardial sac.

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11
Q

What is the function of the myocardium

A

It forms the fibrous skeleton with elastin and collagen, helping the heart return to its original shape.

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12
Q

What is the function of the endocardium?

A

It helps reduce friction on the heart.

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13
Q

What are the striations in cardiac muscle from?

A

It is from the alignment of the parallel bundles of actin and myosin.

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14
Q

What are intercalated disks

A

The indigitated membrane between calls and is what separates cells.

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15
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

Right and left atrium, left and right ventricle.

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16
Q

What are the two types of valves

A

Atrioventricular or AV valves and Semilunar valves.

17
Q

What prevents the AV valve from opening back into the atria?

A

The pressure will be decreased within the ventricle

18
Q

Why would someone need a valve replacement

A

Faulty valve, backflow, or plaque buildup

19
Q

What are the different types of valves and what’s the advantages/disadvantages with them

A

Biological: Zoonotic disease
Metal/Plastic: Blood thinner needed
Synthetic: Only recently developed.

20
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A

When the blood from the aorta will return to the heart to fuel it via veins and arteries on the heart.

21
Q

Whats the difference between a thrombus and embolism?

A

Thrombus is a stationary clot, while an embolism is a traveling clot.

22
Q

What is coronary artery disease?

A

Where a plaque will block the blood flow of an artery, caused by high cholesterol to build a blockage.

23
Q

What is an angioplasty?

A

A catheter will be threaded through the aorta and a radioactive dye will be injected and seen with an X ray. If there a blockage, a balloon tip is inserted and the balloon is inflated and deflated to increase diameter. A stent is then inserted.

24
Q

What is a coronary bypass

A

It is when a vein in the leg is taken and inserted onto the heart to bypass a blockage.

25
Q

Define systole and diastole

A

Systole is the ventricular contraction or ejection.
Diastole is ventricular filling of blood.

26
Q

. Describe the pressure changes that occur during the cardiac cycle and relate these
changes to the occurrence of the heart sounds.

A

When ventricular pressure exceeds that of atrial pressure, the AV value will snap shut, giving the first noise of the heart. After that, when the ventricle is losing pressure and the pulmonary or aortic pressure is higher than that in the ventricle, the semilunar valve will snap shut and give the second sound of the heart.

27
Q

Is atrial contraction necessary for survival? Why or why not?

A

No, because the blood wont be pumped into the ventricles, but the way the heart is oriented, it will fall into the ventricle to still be pumped outward.

28
Q

Describe isovolumetric contraction.

A

It is the phase when both valves are closed within the heart

29
Q

What is tachycardia

A

When heart rate exceeds that of 100 beats/min

30
Q

Does blood volume pumped change? What about pressure?

A

While blood volume will never change, the pressure at which its pumped is different between the heart sides.

31
Q

How do you calculate stroke volume

A

End volume of diastolic minus end systolic volume

32
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped out by the heart in a given time frame.

33
Q

Explain why the beat of the heart is automatic and why the SA node functions as
the normal pacemaker.

A

The beat of the heart are automatic because there is a leaky amount of sodium that stimulates the nerves to pump the heart, and this sodium comes from the SA node, which is why it set the pace as a pace maker.

34
Q

What are the components making up the conducting system of the heart?

A

The SA and AV nodes, bundle branches and bundles of His and Purkinje fibers.

35
Q

What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic intervention’s do?

A

Sympathetic will stimulate the heart, while the parasympathetic will slow the heart rate down.

36
Q

What is an artificial pacemaker?

A

It send a electrical stimulation to the heart to release sodium to make the heart beat.

37
Q

Why is it important for impulses from the atria to be delayed at the AV node
before they pass into the ventricles?

A

They must be delayed so there is a delay in the contraction of the heart because it it contracted all at once, it wouldn’t work as a pump, but more as mixer and just shuffle blood around.

38
Q

Why is it critical that ventricular fibrillation receive attention within minutes? Is
atrial fibrillation more or less urgent? Explain

A

It will be left urgent because the blood will still leak or fall into the ventricle. However, if there is ventricular fabulation, then there won’t be enough blood to the rest of the body because the ventricle isn’t in rhythm and isn’t pumping the blood it should.

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (9 decks)

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