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heart Flashcards

1
Q

Transports O2, CO2,nutrients, waste
products and other
substances

A

Cardiovascular System:

MAIN FUNCTION

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2
Q

carries blood to &
from the lungs

A

Pulmonary circulation

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3
Q

carries blood to &
from the diff. body
tissues except the
lungs

A

Systemic circulation

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4
Q

the hollow, cone-
shaped muscular organ
which pumps blood
into the pulmonary
and systemic
circulation.

A

THE HEART

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5
Q

Size of the heart

A

size of a
clenched fist

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6
Q

Location of the heart

A

mediastinum

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7
Q

the pointed end of
the heart which rests on
the diaphragm & is
directed anteriorly,
inferiorly & to the left

A

apex:

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8
Q

the uppermost,
broad, posterior surface
of the heart

A

base:

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9
Q

a triple-layered
sac w/c
surrounds &
protects the
heart

A

PERICARDIUM

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10
Q

the superficial, outer layer w/c
directly attaches to the diaphragm
is made of strong fibrous
connective tissue

A

fibrous pericardium

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11
Q

its keeps the heart from
overstretching or overfilling with
blood & holds the heart in place at
the mediastinum

A

fibrous pericardium

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12
Q

a double-layered membrane
sandwiched bet. the fibrous
pericardium & the heart

A

serous pericardium

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13
Q

the deeper layer of the pericardium

A

serous pericardium

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14
Q

the outer layer of the serous pericardium

A

parietal pericardium

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15
Q

adheres to the inner surface of
the fibrous pericardium

A

parietal pericardium

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16
Q

the inner layer of the serous
pericardium

A

visceral pericardium

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17
Q

also called epicardium
considered part of the heart
wall

A

visceral pericardium

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18
Q

adheres tightly to the surface
of the heart

A

visceral pericardium

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19
Q

the space
bet. the parietal & visceral
pericardium

A

pericardial cavity:

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20
Q

occupies the
pericardial cavity; the serous
fluid produced by the
epithelial cells of the serous
pericardium w/c prevents
friction as the heart beats

A

pericardial fluid:

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21
Q

contains blood vessels that supply the
myocardium

A

Epicardium

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22
Q

covered with adipose tissue

A

Epicardium

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23
Q

the external layer of the heart wall

A

Epicardium

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24
Q

the visceral pericardium

A

Epicardium

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25
Q

the middle, muscular layer w/c forms
the bulk (95%) of the heart wall

A

Myocardium

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26
Q

made up of cardiac muscle tissue

A

Myocardium

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27
Q

responsible for the pumping
action/contraction of the heart

A

Myocardium

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28
Q

located deep to the myocardium

A

Endocardium

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29
Q

made up of simple squamous epithelium

A

Endocardium

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30
Q

provides a smooth lining for the
chambers of the heart & covers the valves
of the heart

A

Endocardium

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31
Q

minimizes the surface friction as blood
passes through the heart

A

Endocardium

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32
Q

is continuous with the endothelial
lining of the large blood vessels
attached to the heart

A

Endocardium

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33
Q

the tissue that makes up the heart’s
myocardium

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

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34
Q

muscle fibers have the same
arrangement of actin & myosin
myofilaments & Z lines as skeletal
muscle

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

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35
Q

what does muscle fibers have in the cardiac muscle?

A

single,
centrally-located nuclei

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36
Q

its fibers of the cardiac muscle are not
cylindrical but are arranged in a

A

latticework

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37
Q

are irregular transverse thickenings of
the sarcolemma that connect the ends
of cardiac muscle fibers to one another

A

intercalated disks:

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38
Q

are highly folded to increase contact
between cells thereby preventing them
from pulling apart

A

intercalated disks:

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39
Q

allow action potential to spread from
one cell to another

A

intercalated disks:

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40
Q

contract in response to its own
pacemaker cells that initiate an impulse
spontaneously & repetitively even w/o
external neurohormonal control

A

autorhythmicity

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41
Q

refers to the contraction of a heart
chamber during depolarization of the
myocardium

A

systole

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42
Q

relaxation of a heart
chamber during repolarization of the
myocardium

A

diastole

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43
Q

when systole happends, the heart chamber is
____ & its contents emptied due to
high pressure from the contraction

A

squeezed

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44
Q

when diastole happends, heart chamber____ as a result of low pressure in
the chamber

A

fills
with blood

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45
Q

enlargement or increase in
muscle mass as a result of increased
workload

A

hypertrophy

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46
Q

atrium

A

Atria

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47
Q

pumps their collected blood into the
ventricles

A

Atria

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48
Q

the two
superior receiving/collecting chambers of
the heart

A

right atrium & left atrium

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49
Q

hormone produced by the cells of the
atria;

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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50
Q

___- due to high blood volume or blood
pressure; effect is _____ to low blood volume & BP

A

stretching of atrial
walls & renal excretion of
Na+

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51
Q

collects blood from the systemic
circulation

A

Right Atrium

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52
Q

What are the 3 veins of right atrium?

A

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

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53
Q

collected blood is pumped to the right
ventricle when it contracts

A

Right Atrium

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54
Q

collects blood from the lungs through the
4 pulmonary veins

A

Left Atrium

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55
Q

the thin partition between the right &
left atria

A

Interatrial septum

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56
Q

the two
inferior chambers of the heart

A

right ventricle & left ventricle

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57
Q

an oval depression on the
interatrial septum

A

fossa ovalis

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58
Q

the two
inferior chambers of the heart

A

right ventricle & left ventricle

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59
Q

after pumping the eject blood of the VENTRICLES, it will go to the?

A

arteries

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60
Q

the pumps that eject blood into the
arteries

A

Ventricles

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61
Q

propels blood out of the heart into the
circulation

A

Ventricles

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62
Q

receives blood from the right atrium &
pumps it into the lungs, through the pulmonary
arteries

A

Right Ventricle

63
Q

thickest chamber of the heart

A

Left Ventricle

64
Q

receives blood from the left atrium &
pumps it into the systemic circulation
through the aorta

A

Left Ventricle

65
Q

the partition between the right & left
ventricles

A

Interventricular septum

66
Q

receives de-oxygenated blood from areas
above the heart & empty it to the right
atrium

A

Superior vena cava

67
Q

brings de-oxygenated blood mostly from
the parts below the heart to the right
atrium

A

Inferior vena cava

68
Q

four (4) veins that carry oxygenated
blood from the lungs to the left atrium

A

Pulmonary veins

69
Q

exits from the right ventricle and splits to
give rise to the two (2) pulmonary
arteries

A

Pulmonary trunk

70
Q

brings de-oxygenated blood from the
right ventricle to the lungs for
oxygenation

A

Pulmonary arteries

71
Q

the only artery w/c carries oxygen-poor
blood

A

Pulmonary arteries

72
Q

largest artery in the body

A

Aorta

73
Q

exits from the left ventricle & carries
oxygenated blood to the systemic
circulation

A

Aorta

74
Q

the remnant
of the ductus arteriosus

A

ligamentum arteriosum

75
Q

ensure the one-way flow of blood by
opening to let blood through and
then closing to prevent its
regurgitation or backflow

A

VALVES of the Heart

76
Q

pressure changes in the heart
chambers cause these cusps to open &

A

VALVES of the Heart

77
Q

consists of 2 or 3 cusps or (___) of the valves of the heart

A

leaflets

78
Q

located between the atria & the
ventricles on each side

A

Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

79
Q

prevents backflow of
blood from left ventricle into
left atrium during ventricular
contraction

A

bicuspid valve

80
Q

where can bicuspid valve found in the AV valve?

A

left

81
Q

prevents backflow of
blood from right ventricle into
right atrium during ventricular
contraction

A

tricuspid valve

82
Q

where can tricuspid valve found in the AV valve?

A

right

83
Q

high pressure in
the atria causes both valves to OPEN and
blood from the atria flows to the
ventricles

A

atrial contraction,

84
Q

both valves
CLOSE (since there is now low pressure in
the atria) and blood in ventricles could
not regurgitate to atria

A

ventricular contraction

85
Q

tendonlike cords
where the cusps of the AV valves are
connected

A

chordae tendineae

86
Q

the structures
where the chordae tendineae are
anchored

A

papillary muscles

87
Q

carrying blood away
from the ventricles

A

Semilunar Valves

88
Q

where can Semilunar Valves be found?

A

base of the large
blood vessels

89
Q

each valve of the semilunar vavles consists of

A

3 crescent
moon-shaped cusps

90
Q

prevents backflow of
blood from pulmonary trunk
into right ventricle during
ventricular relaxation

A

pulmonary valve

91
Q

where can pulmonary valve be found

A

base of the
pulmonary trunk

92
Q

what is the other name for pulmonary valve

A

pulmonic valve or
pulmonary semilunar valve

93
Q

what is the other name for aortic valve

A

aortic semilunar
valve

94
Q

where can aortic valve be found

A

base of the
aorta

95
Q

prevents backflow of
blood from aorta into left
ventricle during ventricular
relaxation

A

aortic valve

96
Q

during ventricular relaxation, ____ in the ventricles causes
both valves to CLOSE, preventing
blood to regurgitate from
pulmonary & systemic circulation
to the ventricles

A

low
pressure

97
Q

during ventricular contraction,
___ in the ventricles
causes both valves to OPEN &
blood flows from ventricles to
the pulmonary & systemic
circulation

A

high pressure

98
Q

“lub-dup” sound of
the heart w/c can be heard using a
stethoscope

A

HEART SOUNDS

99
Q

why do sounds of the heart occured?

A

closure of the heart
valves

100
Q

“lub” sound

A

S1 heart sound

101
Q

due to the simultaneous closure of the
AV valves – tricuspid & bicuspid

A

S1 heart sound

102
Q

“dup” sound

A

S2 heart sound

103
Q

due to the simultaneous closure of the
semilunar valves – pulmonic & aortic

A

S2 heart sound

104
Q

the network of blood vessels that
carry blood to & from the
myocardium

A

CORONARY CIRCULATION

105
Q

carry oxygenated blood to the
myocardium

A

coronary arteries

106
Q

compressed when the ventricles are
contracting & fill when the ventricles
are relaxed

A

coronary arteries

107
Q

supply blood to the left atrium, most
of the left ventricle & part of the
right anterior ventricle

A

left coronary artery

108
Q

has smaller branches that supply
blood to the right atrium, most of the
right ventricle & part of the left
posterior ventricle

A

right coronary artery

109
Q

drain blood that has passed through
myocardial capillaries

carry CO2 & waste products from the
myocardium

A

coronary veins

110
Q

an enlarged vein on the heart’s
posterior surface

A

coronary sinus

111
Q

empties deoxygenated blood from
the coronary veins into the right
atrium

A

coronary sinus

112
Q

the sequence of events in one
heartbeat

A

CARDIAC CYCLE

113
Q

the heart’s natural pacemaker

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

114
Q

a specialized group of cardiac muscle
cells located in the wall of the right
atrium just below the opening of the
superior vena cava

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

114
Q

where the heart’s electrical activity
begins

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

115
Q

how many times in a minute initiates the action potentials of the SA node

A

60 to 80 times in a minute

116
Q

it has the highest rate of
depolarization in the whole pathway, it
starts each heartbeat & sets the pace
for the whole heart

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

117
Q

located at the junction between atria &
ventricles (at lower interatrial septum)

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

118
Q

where impulses from the SA node
travel to

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

119
Q

transmission of impulses from the SA
node to the AV node and to the rest of
the atrial myocardium brings about

A

atrial depolarization, resulting in atrial
systole

120
Q

also called “bundle of His”

A

Atrioventricular (AV) bundle

121
Q

where impulses from the AV node
travel to

A

Atrioventricular (AV) bundle

122
Q

where impulses from the bundle of His
travel to

A

Right & left bundle branches

123
Q

transmits
impulses to right ventricle

A

right bundle branch

124
Q

transmits
impulses to left ventricle

A

left bundle branch

125
Q

where impulses from the left & right
bundle branches travel to

A

Purkinje fibers

126
Q

spread the action potential within the
myocardium of the ventricle walls

A

ventricular depolarization,
resulting in ventricular systole

127
Q

is a recording
of the electrical
changes in the
myocardium
during a
cardiac cycle

A

Electrocardiogram

128
Q

the first wave
* reflects atrial depolarization

A

P wave

129
Q

a series of waves which reflect
ventricular depolarization

A

QRS complex

130
Q

since it is large, it obscures the
electrical activity of atrial
repolarization

A

QRS complex

131
Q

the last wave
* reflects ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

132
Q

refers to the volume of blood ejected
per minute from the left ventricle to
the aorta

A

CARDIAC OUTPUT

133
Q

refers to the
degree of stretch
in the ventricle
before
contraction

A

Preload

134
Q

the
more the cardiac
muscle fibers are
stretched, the more
forcefully they
contract

A

Frank Starling’s law
of the heart:

135
Q

high force of
myocardial
contractility (e.g.
after administration
of Ca++ or
epinephrine) → high
stroke volume &
cardiac output

A

Force of contraction

136
Q

high force of
myocardial
contractility (e.g.
after administration
of Ca++ or
epinephrine) → high
stroke volume &
cardiac output

A

Force of contraction

137
Q

refers to the
amount of
resistance that
the ventricles
need to
overcome to
eject blood out
of the heart

A

Afterload

138
Q

are sensory receptors
located in carotid sinus & aortic arch w/c sense changes in BP and send signals to the brain via CN IX & X.

A

baroreceptors

139
Q

same location as
baroreceptors; sense changes in the O2
& CO2 content of blood & also send
signals to the brain via CN IX & X

A

chemoreceptors

140
Q

heart rate of < 60 bpm

A

bradycardia

141
Q

heart rate of > 100 bpm

A

tachycardia=

142
Q

the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle during each contraction (average: 60-80 mL)

A

stroke volume

143
Q

the number of heartbeats per minute (average: 60-80 bpm)

A

heart rate

144
Q

What is the formula of cardiac output

A

CO= HR X SV = 75 beats slash over min x 70 ml over beat slash = 5250 ml over min = 5.25 L over min

145
Q

generates impulses to maintain
heart rate at 60-80 bp

A

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

146
Q

may be influenced by other factors that speed up or slow down heart rate

A

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

147
Q

area of the brain stem which contains 2 cardiac centers

A

medulla oblongata

148
Q

What is the two cardiac centers in the medulla oblongata

A

accelerator & inhibitory centers

149
Q

sends impulses along sympathetic nerves→norepinephrine & epinephrine

A

accelerator center

150
Q

sends impulses along parasympathetic nerves, mainly the vagus nerve → acetylcholine

A

inhibitory center

151
Q

increased levels of these hormones increase metabolism & thereby heart rate

A

T3 & T4

152
Q

increases the heart rate

A

Caffeine & nicotine

heart (2 decks)

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