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Clinical Anatomy Exam II > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the pulmonary veins drain?

A

Left Atrium

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2
Q

Where do the Inf/Sup Vena Cavae drain?

A

Right atrium

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3
Q

Where does the left ventricle pump blood?

A

Aorta

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4
Q

Where does the right ventricle pump blood?

A

Pulmonary trunk

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5
Q

Where do the coronary arteries originate from (3)?

A

Aortic Sinuses
Left Aortic Sinus > ostium into L. Coronary Artery
Right Aortic Sinus > ostium into R. Coronary Artery
Posterior Aortic Sinus > non-coronary sinus

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6
Q

What is the pathway (2) of the Left Coronary Artery?

A

Proper > LAD (Left Anterior Descending) > Diagonal

Proper > circumflex > Left Marginals and Left Posterior Artery

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7
Q

What is the pathway of the Right Coronary Artery?

A

Branches to SA node, R. Marginal Arteries, AV Node, PDA (Posterior Descending Artery)

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8
Q

What is the nickname for the LAD and why is it important?

A

Nickname: Widow-maker

Looked at first for obstruction, it’s the most deadly if obstructed

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9
Q

Describe venous drainage..

A

Posterior Cardiac Veins > Coronary Sinus > (Anterior Cardiac veins drain into the R. Atrium) Right Atrium (aimed at the “Valve of Thebesius”)

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10
Q

What is cardioplegia?

A

Cardioplegia is intentional and temporary cessation of cardiac activity (for open heart surgery).

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11
Q

Valve of Thebesius in Cardioplegia

A

During Cardioplegia, this valve serves as an obstruction to getting into the coronary sinus

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12
Q

What are the posterior cardiac veins and where do they drain?

A

Middle Cardiac Vein and Left Posterior Cardiac Vein

Both drain into the Coronary Sinus

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13
Q

What are the anterior cardiac veins and where do they drain?

A

Great Cardiac Vein and the Small Cardiac Vein drain into the Right Atrium

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14
Q

What are the venae cordis minimae?

A

They are the length of the thickness of the atrial wall, also called thebesian veins, they drain the myocardium and may provide the myocardium with oxygen

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15
Q

What is the coronary circuit?

A

Left Heart > Aortic Sinuses > Coronary Arteries > feeds myocardium > (drains into) Cardiac Veins > (most) Coronary Sinus (anterior veins > R. Atrium) > Right Heart

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16
Q

Which side of the heart appears anterior?

A

Right side

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17
Q

Which side appears posterior?

A

Left side

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18
Q

How is the heart generally angled?

A

60 degrees from horizontal

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19
Q

Where is the cardiac apex and how is it angled?

A

It’s located 9-10cm left of center and is located around ribs 5-6 in adults (higher in pecs). The apex is tilted forward and downward.

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20
Q

Cardiac Base?

A

The base is upward and rearward, and is the site where the great veins drain. This is the posterior aspect of the atria.

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21
Q

What part of the heart is seen at the anterior surface?

A

Mainly right ventricle

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22
Q

What part of the heart is seen at the diaphragmatic surface?

A

Mostly the left ventricle

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23
Q

What part of the heart is seen at the right pulmonary surface?

A

Right atrium border

24
Q

What part of the heart is seen at the left pulmonary surface?

A

Left ventricle

25
Q

Is the right atrium thin or thick walled?

A

Thin compared to the left atrium.

26
Q

What is the “sinus venarum”?

A

Site of all drainage into the right atrium

27
Q

What veins enter the right atrium?

A

Inferior and Superior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus

28
Q

What is the oval fossa?

A

It is a valve that opened between the left and right atriums as a fetus. When it opened into the left atrium it was called the oval foramen (with valve)

29
Q

Where does the Inferior Vena Cava aim while it drains into the right atrium?

A

Oval fossa (even though it has sealed over)

30
Q

Tell me about the walls of the right atrium, please!

A

Posteromedial wall: smooth

Remaining walls: Pectinate muscles

31
Q

What are pectinate muscles?

A

Bands that squeeze the walls of the atrium.. they aid in contraction and allow the atrium to expand

32
Q

What are auricles and where are they located?

A

Auricles are thin walled and the increase the volume of the left and right atrium. They are filled with pectinate muscle.

33
Q

What are the walls of the left atrium like?

A

The interior is smooth walled except the auricle. The left atrium wall is thicker than the right atrium and it does NOT have pectinate muscle (except in the auricle**)

34
Q

What is the interior of the right ventricle?

A

Incredibly thin-walled, BIG bands of trabeculae carnae.

35
Q

What is the function of the trabeculae carnae?

A

They increase contractability

36
Q

What is the smooth superior funnel region of the right ventricle called?

A

Conus Arteriosus

37
Q

Does the left ventricle have trabeculae carnae?

A

Yes but they are smaller and more numerous than the right ventricle.

38
Q

Why does the left ventricle often lead to problems?

A

It has so much muscle, it is is very thick-walled

39
Q

How does the blood of the left ventricle exit into the aorta?

A

It has to travel through the smooth superior region/dome called the aortic vestibule

40
Q

What is valvular prolapse?

A

Valves open in the wrong direction

41
Q

How do the cordae tendinae work?

A

They keep valves from opening and stabilize the valves when they are closed. They do NOT open or close the valves, blood does this.

42
Q

What is the Left AV?

A

AKA Mitral valve and Bicuspid valve. It has an anterior and posterior cusp which are open when relaxed. The chordae tendinae are embedded in papillary muscle (anterior and posterior papillary muscle)

43
Q

What is the Right AV?

A

AKA Tricuspid Valve. Anterior, Posterior, and Septal Cusps and the chordae tendinae are embedded in the respective papillary muscles

44
Q

Why does the Right AV have three cusps and the Left has two cusps?

A

The right has a bigger chamber!

45
Q

What is the moderate band of the Right AV?

A

It connects the septum to the anterior papillary muscle allowing the muscle to contract with all of the other papillary muscles. It runs sideways.

46
Q

What is the Left Semilunar Valve?

A

AKA Aortic Valve and is concave in appearance. Three cusps - right, left, and posterior(non-coronary) - normally closed when relaxed and close with atrial pressure. Opens as a result of pressure below the cusps. Aortic sinuses form when the cusps are closed. Ventricle contracts, cusps open.

47
Q

What is the Right Semilunar Valve?

A

AKA Pulmonary Valve. Three cusps (right, left, anterior) form the pulmonary sinuses. Closed when relaxed.

48
Q

What are the sounds of the heart?

A

S1- AV valves close (systole)

S2 - Semilunar valves close (diastole)

49
Q

What is the fibrous cardiac skeleton?

A

It is a tough fibrous connective tissue that provides attachments for muscles and valves as well as providing electrical insulation between the atrias and ventricles

50
Q

What is the attachment for AV valves called?

A

Rings (2 of them)

51
Q

What are coronets(2)?

A

Attachment for semilunar valves

52
Q

What reinforces the skeleton between the ring and coronets?

A

Trigones (2)

53
Q

What is the function of the AV Septum?

A

Allows complete electrical communication by insulating the ventricles from the atria

54
Q

Function of inter atrial and inter ventricle septums?

A

Strengthens muscle

55
Q

Where does the Bundle of His go through?

A

Right trigone

Clinical Anatomy Exam II (3 decks)

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