Arms, Chest, Lungs

Question 1

What are the 6 shoulder stabilizing muscles?

Answer 1

Rhomboid Major, Rhomboid Minor, Levator Scapulae, Pectoralis Minor, Subclavius, Serratus Anterior

Question 2

What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?

Answer 2

Subscapularis, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor

Question 3

Which rotator cuff muscle is the most commonly injured?

Answer 3

Supraspinatus

Question 4

Where are the origins for the flexors and extensors?

Answer 4

Flexors are medial, Extensors are lateral

Question 5

What is the function of the retinaculum?

Answer 5

To position tendons in the wrist

Question 6

What is the function of a tendon sheath and what are the two layers?

Answer 6

A tendon sheath is a layer of membrane (a “tube”) around a tendon that is lubricated. It permits the tendon to move. It has two layers: synovial sheath (tenosynovium) and fibrous tendon sheath. The digits have a sheath retinaculum that act as pulleys.

Question 7

Where is the Jugular notch?

Answer 7

It is located right above the sternum and is located where the clavicles come together.

Question 8

What is important about the Infraclavicular fossa?

Answer 8

1.) It covers/protects the cords of the brachial plexus 2.) It’s the site of the arm for an anesthetic injection

Question 9

Where are the thenar and hypothenar eminences located?

Answer 9

Thenar eminence is between the thumb (pollex) and the pointer finger while the hypothenar is by the pinky

Question 10

Where is the anatomic snuff box and what muscles are included?

Answer 10

Ventral side of the hand by the thumb. The muscles are 1.) Extensor Pollicus Longus and 2.) Extensor Pollicus Bevis/Abductor Pollicus Longus

Question 11

Let’s say you tripped on a banana peel and are going down for a face plant, you throw your hands out to brace yourself! What bone is known to break if you hit the ground too hard?

Answer 11

The scaphoid* and radius break.

Question 12

What are the main deep arteries of the arm?

Answer 12

Subclavian (3 major regions) > Axillary (anastomoses) > Brachial > Radial and Ulnar ) - Palmar Arch (2 of them – 1 deep 1 superficial) anastomoses -
There is redundant blood supply at the elbow as the collateral arteries have a recurrent. Remember that arteries are deep.

Question 13

How many sets of Veins are in the arm?

Answer 13

Two – one follows the arteries while the other is superficial.

Question 14

What are the superficial veins of the arm?

Answer 14

Dorsal Plexus > Basilic and Cephalic > Median Cubital OR Median Cephalic and Median Basilic

Question 15

Tell me random facts about the deep arm veins..

Answer 15

Palm side
Major Trunks have a single vein
Venae comitantes – 2 veins – one on each side of an artery

Question 16

What are the bones of the thorax?

Answer 16

Sternum, Ribs, T1-T12

Question 17

What are the joints associated with the ribs?

Answer 17

Sternocostal joints and Costovertebral joints

Question 18

Impress me with your knowledge of Sternocostal Joints :)

Answer 18

Radiate Ligament, 7 true/real ribs
Rib #1-Sternum = fused/synchondroses joint
Ribs#2-#7-Sternum =Synovial joint (moves when you breath, as you age, itdeteriorates and fills with scar tissue)
False ribs = don’t articulate with the sternum
Ribs #11-#12 = floating ribs – no cartilage

Question 19

Costovertebral joints?

Answer 19

Two types: Transverse Process and Vertebral Body
Both kinds are synovial
Transverse Process ligaments: Costotransverse (Superior, Inferior, and lateral)
Vertebral Body ligaments: Radiate and intra-articular (between 2 demifacets)

Question 20

What are the types of muscles of respiration (3)?

Answer 20

Inspiratory, Expiratory, and Respiratory Assist Muscles

Question 21

What are the Inspiratory muscles (and how do they work, if applicable)?

Answer 21

1. )External intercostals = origin – bottom of a rib, insertion – rib below > thus ribs are pulled UP to inspire
2. )Interchondral portion of internal intercostals
3. ) Diaphragm – originates at bottom of ribcage and vertebrae, inserts at the central tendon (center of dome)

Question 22

What are the openings of the diaphragm (3)?

Answer 22

Caval, Aortic, and Esophageal

Question 23

Which diaphragmatic opening tears most often?

Answer 23

The esophageal hiatus and is called a hiatal hernia

Question 24

What are the Expiratory muscles (3, only discussed 1* in class) ?

Answer 24

1.)*Internal intercostals proper (aka interosseous portion)
Origin: Bottom of rib, Insertion: Rib above it > Pushes rib down and in, to breath OUT
2.) transverse thoracic, and 3.) abdominal muscles

Question 25

Intercostal Nerves…

Answer 25

Derive from the ventral rami of spinal nerves T1-T11 and lie within the costal groove. They innervate 3 muscles: Intercostal, Serratus posterior, Subcostal muscles

Question 26

Phrenic Nerve

Answer 26

Derives from the cervical plexus and innervates the diaphragm

Question 27

What is inside of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 27

Pulmonary cavities and the mediastinum (and serosa)

Question 28

What are the contents of the pulmonary cavities?

Answer 28

The lungs, the visceral pleura (lines thoracic organs), and the parietal pleura (lines chest cavity). The space between the two pleura is called the intrapleural space.

Question 29

What is pneumothorax?

Answer 29

Chest still moves but lungs can’t inflate, vacuum seal is broken.

Question 30

What are the lungs made up of (and pathway)?

Answer 30

Mass of tubes (tracheobronchial tree) and accompanying blood vessels.
Trachea > primary bronchi > Lobar Bronchi > Segmental Bronchi > outward/“lungs”
Lobar is also called secondary and segmental is also called tertiary

Question 31

Where can a peanut get lodged?

Answer 31

Primary Bronchii (more common on the right side)

Question 32

Describe the vessels for gas exchange pathway.

Answer 32

Pulmonary Trunk > Pulmonary Arteries > Lobar Arteries > Segmented Arteries > Alveolar Capillary Beds (site of gas exchange!!) > Tertiary veins > secondary veins > pulmonary vessels

Question 33

What are the vessels that serve the lung tissue?

Answer 33

Bronchial Arteries (usually 2 on the left 1 on the right) and the Bronchial Veins which drain into the Azygos vein

Question 34

Tell me about the lobes of the lungs (compare/contrast impressions and lobes)

Answer 34

Left lung has 2 lobes(Superior and Inferior), Right lung has 3 lobes (Superior, Middle, Inferior).
Both the right and left lungs have impressions for: Trachea and Esophagus, Subclavian Artery (left and right, respectfully), Brachiocephalic Vein (left and right, respectfully), heart, and the diaphragm
The left lung has an impression for the aorta (the right does not), and the right lung has an impression for the azygos vein (the left does not)