Hearing And Skeletal Flashcards
auditory system consist of
ears and cochlea
vestibular system consist of
semicircular canals and otolith organs
auditory pathway
vestibular cochlea n. -> cochlea nuclei -> tranvserse temporal gyri
vestibular pathway
vestibulo cochlea n -> vestibular nuclei -> post. depth of sylvian fissure
sound waves consist of
compressions and depressions
whats a pure tone
a sinusoidal wave at fixed freq
speed of sound is at
335m/s
sound pressure is also called as
decibel
pure tone in human is at
20-20000 hz
lowest threshold is at 3000 hz
at 3000 hz
refernce freq is at
1000hz
normal speech is at
300 - 3500 hz
permanent damage to the auditory apparatus is at
more than 120 db
presbycusis is
a condition of hearing loss (higher threshold level)
resonant freq of the external ear is at
3500 hz
what is a bone conduction headphone
a headphoen that allows the sound to travel via conducted vibrations
middle ear pathway
in through the oval hole(oval window), out through the round hole (round window)
impedence matching device does what
increase the efficiency of energy transfer by 30db
what is an acoustic reflex
when the ear muscle pulls the bones in the ossicle apart to lessen the vibration
the name of the m. of acoustic reflex
stapedius and tensor tympani
the inner eat consist of
bony and membrous labyrinth, cochlea and vestibular apparatus
what is a cochlea
a spiral shaped organ with a bony core called modiolus
what organ is used for sound transduction
The cilia
what are perilymph and endolymph
they ar fluids that fill in the structure
hair cell restign potential is at
-60mv
what are tip links
a mechanotransductor at the top of the cilia
positive mechanical deformation allows
the movign towards the kinocilium, the opening of the stereocilia and allow the movement of the ions
negative mechanical deformation allows
the moving away from the kinocilium to close the channel
where does the peripheral processes end
at the hair cells
where does the central processes end
at the cochlea nuclei
types of hearing loss
sensorineural and conductive
What is auditory test
audiometry
semicircular canals function
for balance
otolith organs consist of
saccule (verticle) and utricle (horizontal)
otolith function
sense gravity and linear acceleration
otolith contains
CACO3 crystals
the hair in the otolith are diected via
striola
what causes meniere’s disease
unproper reguation of the enolymph
conditions of the meniere’s
dizziness, progressive hearing loss and vertigo
Skeletal muscles are connected to bones by
Tendons
Skeletal muscles are composed of hundreds to thousands of individual cells called
Sarcomeres
The term motor unit refers to
One motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates
The motor neuron and muscle fiber intersect at what is called
The neuromuscular junction
A twitch is
One contractile response to a single action potential.
An action potential in a motor neuron triggers the release of which neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
The graded depolarization in the skeletal muscle fiber that is elicited in response to one action potential from the motor neuron is called
A threshold potential
Which of the following is not a phase of a skeletal muscle twitch
Hyperpolarization phase
Which of the following correctly matches the twitch phase with its definition
The contraction phase: the time between an action potential in a muscle cell and the start of muscle tension
Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated (stimulated) by
Motor neurons
A single action potential propagating down a motor axon results in
a single action potential and a single contractile event in the muscle fibers it innervates
In resting skeletal muscle, calcium is stored in
The sarcoplasmic reticulum
