Hearing And Balance

Question 0

How is loudness perceived by the ear

Answer 0

The pressure exerted by the air molecules

Question 1

What is sound

Answer 1

Vibration of air molecules

Question 2

What is the decibel range of the human ear?

Answer 2

20-120

Question 3

What is pitch?

Answer 3

The frequency of sound waves

Question 4

What is the pitch range of the human ear

Answer 4

1000-4000hz

Question 5

What are the three principal regions of the ear?

Answer 5

Pinna (External ear)
Tympanic membrane (ear drum)
Inner ear

Question 6

Purpose of pinna (external ear)

Answer 6

Concentrates sound into inner ear

Question 7

What is the purpose of the tympanic membrane? (Ear drum)

Answer 7

Acts as a amplifier

Question 8

What is the purpose of the inner ear?

Answer 8

Uses fluid to regulate Balance and equilibrium

Question 9

What are the bones in the tympanic membrane

Answer 9

Staples
Incus
Malleus

Question 10

What connect the middle ear and the pharynx?

Answer 10

Eustachian tube

Question 11

What is the role of the Eustachian tube?

Answer 11

Equalises pressure in tympanic membrane

Question 12

How do the middle ear bones connect

Answer 12

Tympanic membrane to malleus
Malleus to incus
Incus to stapes
Stapes to oval window

Question 13

What is the oval window?

Answer 13

The start of the cochlea

Question 14

What does the middle ear auditory reflex protect against?

Answer 14

Extremely loud sounds

Question 15

How does the middle ear reflex work?

Answer 15

The tympani muscle and stapedius muscle contract

Question 16

He does the middle ear reflex action cause a reduction in loudness?

Answer 16

Stiffen tympanic membrane

Pull stapes away from oval window

Question 17

What are the components of the cochlear?

Answer 17

Q

Question 18

What is the purpose of the cochlear duct?

Answer 18

Filled with endolympth fluid

Question 19

What are the components of the cochlear membrane?

Answer 19

Basilar membrane
Tectorial membrane
Organ of corti

Question 20

What are the components of the channels either side of the cochlear duct?

Answer 20

Scala vestibular
Scalar timpani
Vestibular membrane

Question 21

What are the ducts either side of the cochlear duct filled with

Answer 21

Perilymph fluid

Question 22

What is the purpose of the basilar membrane

Answer 22

Separates the tympanic duct

Question 23

What is the purpose of the organ of corti?

Answer 23

Contains receptor hair cells

Question 24

How are action potentials generated in the cochlear?

Answer 24

Vibrations enter cochlear and vibrate in scala vestibular | Stereocilia vibrate and generate action potentials

Question 25

What are the hair like projections in the cochlear called?

Answer 25

Stereocilia

Question 26

What are stereocilian connected to?

Answer 26

Tectorial membrane

Question 27

Why is the tectorial membrane static?

Answer 27

So the Stereocilia can bend and generate AP

Question 28

What are the types of ear hair cells

Answer 28

Inner ear | Outer ear

Question 29

What is the purpose of the inner hair cells

Answer 29

Responsible for primary hearing (pitch and loudness)

Question 30

What is the purpose of the outer hair cells?

Answer 30

Responsible for modulator hearing (improves quality of sound)

Question 31

Sequence of events for hearing

Answer 31

Sound enters ear Tympanic membrane vibrates Vibrations transmit to Scala vestibuli and cross cochlear duct Causes basilar membrane to vibrate

Question 32

How does Stereocilia movement generate AP

Answer 32

Movement causes opening of K ion channels in membrane K depolarises hair cells and releases glutamate Glutamate binds to afferent neurons and travel to CNS

Question 33

What nerve transmits sound from ear to CNS?

Answer 33

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Question 34

How is auditory information processed in the CNS?

Answer 34

Vestibulocochlear nerve enters brain stem Neurons synapse in medulla Neurons cross to opposite side and ascend via colliculus Nerves go to thalamus Nerves go to auditory cortex

Question 35

How is echo location done

Answer 35

Time and loudness difference between the two ears

Question 36

How is the auditory cortex arranged

Answer 36

Pitch variants in afferants

Question 37

Where is the most common site of loss of hearing

Answer 37

Middle ear malfunction

Question 38

What structure is involved in balance

Answer 38

Vestibular apparatus

Question 39

What are the components of the vestibular apparatus?

Answer 39

Cupula Utricle Saccule Otoliths

Question 40

What does the copula do

Answer 40

Detects rotational movement

Question 41

What does the the utricle and saccule do

Answer 41

Transduces linear acceleration

Question 42

What are otoliths

Answer 42

Crystalline structures used in balance regulation