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Human Neuroscience > Hearing And Balance > Flashcards

Hearing And Balance Flashcards

0
Q

How is loudness perceived by the ear

A

The pressure exerted by the air molecules

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1
Q

What is sound

A

Vibration of air molecules

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2
Q

What is the decibel range of the human ear?

A

20-120

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3
Q

What is pitch?

A

The frequency of sound waves

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4
Q

What is the pitch range of the human ear

A

1000-4000hz

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5
Q

What are the three principal regions of the ear?

A

Pinna (External ear)
Tympanic membrane (ear drum)
Inner ear

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6
Q

Purpose of pinna (external ear)

A

Concentrates sound into inner ear

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the tympanic membrane? (Ear drum)

A

Acts as a amplifier

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the inner ear?

A

Uses fluid to regulate Balance and equilibrium

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9
Q

What are the bones in the tympanic membrane

A

Staples
Incus
Malleus

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10
Q

What connect the middle ear and the pharynx?

A

Eustachian tube

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11
Q

What is the role of the Eustachian tube?

A

Equalises pressure in tympanic membrane

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12
Q

How do the middle ear bones connect

A

Tympanic membrane to malleus
Malleus to incus
Incus to stapes
Stapes to oval window

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13
Q

What is the oval window?

A

The start of the cochlea

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14
Q

What does the middle ear auditory reflex protect against?

A

Extremely loud sounds

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15
Q

How does the middle ear reflex work?

A

The tympani muscle and stapedius muscle contract

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16
Q

He does the middle ear reflex action cause a reduction in loudness?

A

Stiffen tympanic membrane

Pull stapes away from oval window

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17
Q

What are the components of the cochlear?

A

Q

18
Q

What is the purpose of the cochlear duct?

A

Filled with endolympth fluid

19
Q

What are the components of the cochlear membrane?

A

Basilar membrane
Tectorial membrane
Organ of corti

20
Q

What are the components of the channels either side of the cochlear duct?

A

Scala vestibular
Scalar timpani
Vestibular membrane

21
Q

What are the ducts either side of the cochlear duct filled with

A

Perilymph fluid

22
Q

What is the purpose of the basilar membrane

A

Separates the tympanic duct

23
Q

What is the purpose of the organ of corti?

A

Contains receptor hair cells

24
Q

How are action potentials generated in the cochlear?

A

Vibrations enter cochlear and vibrate in scala vestibular

Stereocilia vibrate and generate action potentials

25
Q

What are the hair like projections in the cochlear called?

A

Stereocilia

26
Q

What are stereocilian connected to?

A

Tectorial membrane

27
Q

Why is the tectorial membrane static?

A

So the Stereocilia can bend and generate AP

28
Q

What are the types of ear hair cells

A

Inner ear

Outer ear

29
Q

What is the purpose of the inner hair cells

A

Responsible for primary hearing (pitch and loudness)

30
Q

What is the purpose of the outer hair cells?

A

Responsible for modulator hearing (improves quality of sound)

31
Q

Sequence of events for hearing

A

Sound enters ear
Tympanic membrane vibrates
Vibrations transmit to Scala vestibuli and cross cochlear duct
Causes basilar membrane to vibrate

32
Q

How does Stereocilia movement generate AP

A

Movement causes opening of K ion channels in membrane
K depolarises hair cells and releases glutamate
Glutamate binds to afferent neurons and travel to CNS

33
Q

What nerve transmits sound from ear to CNS?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

34
Q

How is auditory information processed in the CNS?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve enters brain stem
Neurons synapse in medulla
Neurons cross to opposite side and ascend via colliculus
Nerves go to thalamus
Nerves go to auditory cortex

35
Q

How is echo location done

A

Time and loudness difference between the two ears

36
Q

How is the auditory cortex arranged

A

Pitch variants in afferants

37
Q

Where is the most common site of loss of hearing

A

Middle ear malfunction

38
Q

What structure is involved in balance

A

Vestibular apparatus

39
Q

What are the components of the vestibular apparatus?

A

Cupula
Utricle
Saccule
Otoliths

40
Q

What does the copula do

A

Detects rotational movement

41
Q

What does the the utricle and saccule do

A

Transduces linear acceleration

42
Q

What are otoliths

A

Crystalline structures used in balance regulation

Human Neuroscience (4 decks)

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