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Microbiology Heaphy > Heaphy 8 Pathogenesis > Flashcards

Heaphy 8 Pathogenesis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pathology:

A

study of disease (pathos = suffering).
progress of disease,
deviation from, or interruption of normal structure/function of any body part.

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2
Q

SEVERITY:

A

Mild, severe, localised, systemic.

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3
Q

syphilis:

A

mild & localized progressing to severe systemic

Symptoms: lesion goes, months=> rash, yrs => dementia arthritis major organ failure => fatal.

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4
Q

HPV:

A

warts, cancer, oval cancer, cervical cancer => 80% of population risk increase with partners
80-90% cleared by immune system some chronically infected, some severe pathology (cancers) over period of yrs.

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5
Q

Medical microbiology:

A

“pathology of infectious diseases, caused by micro-organisms, capable of being transmitted e.g person-to-person, animal-to-animal”.

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6
Q

Dynamic interaction:

A

between disease-causing organisms and their victims - host-pathogen/parasite interaction. – genetics, resistance

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7
Q

Pathogens:

A
  • micro-organisms that cause disease (viruses, bacteria, fungi including yeasts and amoebae)
    • Most microorganisms are not harmful (even helpful)
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8
Q

Parasites:

A

larger pathogens e.g. Plasmodium. (malaria)

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9
Q

Pathogenicity:

A

mechanisms employed to bring about disease

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10
Q

Virulence:

A

ability to cause disease, relative,

- measles virus is more virulent than cold virus, because it is more deadly/dangerous.

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11
Q

Opportunistic Pathogens

A

do not normally cause disease - may live in host as commensals, may cause disease when body compromised

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12
Q

E. coli:

A

Opportunistic
harmlessly in GI tract, but may contaminate urinary tract (poor hygiene?
• Especially babies and females), infect urethra & bladder (cystitis) => (pyelonephritis) inflammation of kidneys. (can occlude kidneys)

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13
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa :

A

Opportunistic
burns patients lose defensive barrier of skin destroyed, can invade.
• environmental bacteria

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14
Q

Pneumocystis carinii (protozoan) :

A

Opportunistic
infects lungs of immunocompromised patients=> pneumonia,
• From animal faeces

• Killed most people with HIV/AIDS which is zooninoses:

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15
Q

Staphylococcus aureus :

A

Opportunistic
problem in immunosuppressed transplant patients
• and weak patients in hospital
in blood stream
associated w/ spots/boils, fatal to elderly with pneumonia => septicaemia

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16
Q

Name opportunistic pathogens

x4

A

E. coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pneumocystis carinii (protozoan)
Staphylococcus aureus

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17
Q

Obligate pathogens

A

evolved virulence factors that cause disease in otherwise healthy hosts as part of the normal life cycle.

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18
Q

Obligate pathogens

x 5

A 
Vibrio cholerae
POLIO
Salmonella typhi, typhoid fever
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
HIV causes AIDS
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19
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

Obligate
makes powerful toxin to induce massive fluid loss into intestine
- large investment in sanitation & water systems reduces/eradicates . prone in places without this
- makes protein that stops gut working properly => nutrients normally absorbed.
- Switch fluid pump from gut to body to body to gut => 10L of cholera particles into environment. => infection cycle.
- Use rehydration therapy or fatal.

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20
Q

POLIO

A

Obligate

water born virus, GI infection => dierhera

21
Q

Salmonella typhi, typhoid fever:

A

Obligate
invades gut wall, enters blood and lymph systems, systemic spread
-water sanitation = prevention

22
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis:

A

Obligate
causes TB, induces tubercles that result in necrosis of lung tissue and possible systemic spread via blood-stream. Can infect other organs
-irritaion of lugs => cough => spread

23
Q

HIV causes AIDS:

A 
Obligate 
infects class of immune cells (CD4+ lymphocytes), reduces immunological defence => fatal
24
Q

virulence factors:

A

toxin production, the ability to invade, cytotoxicity (kills cells).

25
Q

BIOFILMS:

A

mucilaginous surface communities. Complicated as a tissue.

26
Q

BIOFILMS:

Examples

A

• Contaminate implants,
• Catheters, stoma, hickman line in chest, dialysis => infection hard to treat with antibiotics because biofilm protects
• Lung infection
• Tooth decay=> prone to cardiovascular & artieriole cell walls that move from dental infections to blood stream.
•
=> polymicrobial infections = many microorganisms

27
Q

Common features of pathogenic organisms

A
  • infect the host - i.e. breach physical defences (immune system)
  • reproduce in host - increase to critical population size
  • transmit to another host.
  • R value of 1 = infects 1 more host likely to die out
  • R Value greater spreads more.
28
Q

HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION

A

• Pathogen transmitted from infected to non-infected host by:

  • Aerosols
  • Faecal-oral route
    -vector-borne
  • bodily contact, person-to-person.
    • sexually transmitted diseases
    • zoonoses,
29
Q

Aerosols:

A

HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION coughing or sneezing, water droplets and fragments of mucus expelled- e.g. cold, influenza, measles virus,
- Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough), Streptococcus species (sore throat), common cold etc.

30
Q

Faecal-oral route

A

HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION
ingestion of water or food contaminated with faeces- gastrointestinal pathogens e.g. Norwalk virus, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella species
-food processing

31
Q

Vector-borne:

A

HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION
by insects, either externally or internally, malaria (mosquitoes), Lyme disease (ticks), encephalitis (mosquitoes), plague (fleas)

32
Q

bodily contact:

A

HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION
Breast-feeding => animal milk=> TB
• Warts
• EBV.

33
Q

sexually transmitted diseases:

A

HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION

gonorrhoea, genital herpes and AIDS

34
Q

zoonoses:

A

HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION

Animals=> rabies.

35
Q

VERTICAL transmission

A

• From parent, usually mother, to offspring e.g.

36
Q

Rubella (german measles):

A

VERTICAL transmission

1st trimester of pregnancy => natural abortion, brain/heart/organ damage, cataracts, spacing

37
Q

syphilis:

A

VERTICAL transmission
, cytomegalovirus (herpes virus can be associated w/ brain tumors can transmit in utero & cause brain damage in children)

38
Q

transmitted to babies as infected mother gives birth

A

VERTICAL transmission
gonorrhoea, HIV, HPV
oral throat & mouth requires surgery => scaring of trachea => respiratory problems

39
Q

Retroviral germ line:

A

VERTICAL transmission

i.e. sperm and eggs, possibility of infection of early embryo.

40
Q

DISEASE COURSE:

A

• dynamic series of events reflecting competition between pathogen & host
• variation even between individuals.
·operation of host defences to overcome & clear pathogen
·activity of virulence factors that allow pathogen to persist and proliferate in host
• Huge variation, but common stages in progress of infectious diseases.

41
Q

DISEASE COURSE

A 
1      Contact
2     Incubation period 
3     Prodromal period 
4     Acute phase
5     Crisis 
6     Decline period 
7     Convalescence
42
Q

• incubation period

A

2 no symptoms, pathogen reaches site of infection, reproduces to critical population size;
- measles 10 days, but hours in some gastrointestinal infections, years in leprosy)

43
Q

• prodromal period

A

3 general symptoms of distress, e.g. nausea, fever, headache, malaise, indicates pathogen ‘winning’ competition;
in measles days 10-13 after infection

44
Q

• acute phase

A

4 - specific symptoms appear, rash on face and body,

- 13-16 days after infection, high fever, pallor as blood vessels in skin constrict

45
Q

• crisis

A

5 body temp reaches dangerous level, death possible

46
Q

• convalescence

A

7 restoration of normal health, in measles ~21 days post infection, life-long immunity to further infection
Different infectious disease show different progression; HIV kills, malaria never fully cleared and may recur, some do not leave lasting immunity.

47
Q

Contact.

A

1 Exposed to measles virus thru aerosol expelled from infected person, coughs or sneezes;

48
Q

decline period

A

6 balance swings in favour of immune system, prevents virus replication, profuse sweating releases excessive heat, normal skin colour restored; in measles days 16-18 after infection

Microbiology Heaphy (12 decks)

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