Heaphy 1

Question 1

the oldest known fossils from Earth, bacteria date to

Answer 1

to ~3.5 billion years ago,

Question 2

Requirements For Life to Exist

Answer 2

Water
Water is essential to the chemistry of all biological systems.

It is the medium in which biochemical reactions take place in.

Question 3

where did chemicals of modern life come from?

Answer 3

Chemosynthesis
hydrocarbon chains formation from ammonia, water and hydrogen (the Miller - Urey experiment).
These complex molecules were formed in the air and accumulated in the oceans.

Question 4

Miller Urey experiment

Answer 4

Origin of bioorganic molecules on Earth

Question 5

chemical complexity to Life:

x4

Answer 5

• combine metabolism and respiration (oxidative phosphorylation) with genomes into cells.
  -biochemicals might form abiotically.
  -Compartmentalisation (cell formation)seems essential
  Lipid micelles (protocells?) spontaneously form in heatingdrying cycles
  -Redox couples to power metabolism widespread in environment- even proton gradient to power ATP synthesis e.g black and white smoker hydrothermal vents.

Question 6

Characteristics

of life

Answer 6

All cells are bound by a lipoprotein membrane
strictly control what goes in and come out of the cell (transport
systems)

•defines the cell, separating inside and outside

ATP generated by ion (proton) gradient

Common biomolecules protons

DNA, RNA, common metabolism

Single celled or multicellular

Reproduce individually or in pairs

Question 7

or LUCA

Answer 7

the last universal common ancestor

Question 8

5 Kingdoms:

Answer 8

1969 Whittaker 5-kingdom classification, plants, fungi, animals, single cell eukaryotes, and monera (prokaryotes)

Question 9

3 domains

Answer 9

1985 Carl Woese.Based on ribosomal RNA sequencing

Bacteria, the Archaea, the Eukaryotes