Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience > Healthy Nervous System > Flashcards

Healthy Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What does Merkel’s disk sense and where is it located?

What type of receptors?

A
  • light pressure, texture
  • Near epidermal border

Slowly adapting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do free nerve endings sense in the skin and where are they located?

A

warm, cold, itch, pain
(The free endings respond to thermal (hot or cold) stimuli, noxious chemical or mechanical stimuli irritants that provoke ‘itch’)
Epidermal border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do Meissner’s Corpuscles sense and where are they located ?
What type of receptors are they?

A

Light touch/stroking of the skin
Upper dermis/Epidermal border

Quick adapting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are hair follicle receptors located and what do they sense?

A

Hair follicles in dermis

Movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are Pacacian corpuscles located and what do they sense?

What type of receptor?

A

Hypodermis
Vibration

Quick acting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do Ruffini’s endings sense and where they located?

What type of receptor?

A

Skin stretch
Sub dermal fat

Slow adapting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the sensory modality of A-Beta fibres, what is their diameter and conduction velocity?

A

light touch, pressure, vibration
about 10-15 microM
about 25-80 m/s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the sensory modality of A-delta fibres, what is their diameter and conduction velocity?

A

Heat, cold, noiception (nausea)
about 2-5 microM,
about 2-25 m/s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the sensory modality of C fibres, what is their diameter and conduction velocity?

A

Heat, cold, nocioception, itch (aching)
< 1 microM
< 1m/s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are SNAPs?

A

sensory neuron action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an Electroencephalogram (EEG)?

A

‘electrodes’ on the scalp (usually) sample the extracellular electrical potential from the surface of the cortex. This is an average of mostly asynchronous nerve activity in the cerebral cortex but some synchronous activity gives rise to identifiable wave patterns at frequencies that are characteristic of specific behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does a EEG delta activity signify and what is its wave frequency?

A

Delta (< 4 Hz) - deep sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does a EEG Theta activity signify and what is its wave frequency?

A

some sleep states (e.g. non REM sleep), dozy

< 4 - 7 Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does a EEG Alpha activity signify and what is its wave frequency?

A

quiet, awake

< 8 - 13 Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does a EEG Beta activity signify and what is its wave frequency?

A 
activated cortex (e.g. intense mental activity, REM sleep)
> 13 Hz
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is DSM IV?

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Association of Psychiatry)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is ICD-10?

A

World Health Organization (International Classification of Diseases) classifications includes psychiatric disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is neurology?

A

Diagnosis and treatment of neural dysfunction: the emphasis is on direct identification or deduction of physical causes and rational therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is psychiatry?

A

Diagnosis and treatment of mental dysfunction: the emphasis is on psychological, social and behavioural causes though physical measurements are sometimes taken. Therapy is pragmatic and experiential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is psychology

A

The study of processes underlying mental function including experimental and clinical approaches to the understanding of higher order brain functions such as dictate personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are the 2 enlargements along the spinal cord?

A

Where the major plexuses of the limbs arise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

2 significant points about the ventricles

A
  • site of choroid plexus

* cerebrospinal fluid/blood fluid/blood barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where do motor neurones arise from the spinal cord?

A

ventral/anterior part of spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

At what vertebral level should a lumbar puncture be performed?

A

L3/4 or L4/5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why is the hindbrain (pons and medulla) important?

A
  • cranial nerves pons and medulla sensory and motor for head
  • hearing, balance (vestibulocochlear nuclei)
  • major tracts ascending & descending
  • inputs to cerebellum (pons)
  • breathing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A
  • posture, eye movements, spinal motor, vestibular nuclei
  • body position versus motor commands cortex (via thalamus)
  • motor learning motor learning
  • measuring, timing
  • Ataxia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the midbrain responsible for?

A

posterior/dorsal posterior/dorsal • colliculi (vision/hearing)

anterior/ventral
• oculomotor nuclei
• dopaminergic neurons

eye movement defects
Parkinson’s disease

Unconciuos reflex of turning head to flash/large sound etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Important units about the thalamus?

A
  • dorsal diencephalon
  • sensory relay to cortex
  • reciprocal cortex-thalamus connectivity connectivity
  • consciousness (Francis consciousness (Francis Crick)
  • coma

Sensory info relayed to cortex
Gate keepr for information entering the cortex
- reciprocal connections with the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Role of the basal ganglia?

A
  • modulate cortex via thalamus
  • cognitive reward, learning and motivation and motivation
  • Huntington s and Parkinson’s Disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the role of the cortex?

A

Executive function
Memory etc
- mapped out on the highly folded surface

31
Q

How many layers does the cortex have and which is the most variable in thickness?

A

6 layers

Lamina 4 - most variable in thickness

32
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex in relation to the central girus?

A

Just in rostral

33
Q

Where is the primary sensory cortex in relation to the central girus?

A

Just caudal

34
Q

4 roles of the frontal lobe?

A
  • association cortex
  • character and personality (pre-frontal cortex)
  • gaze control
  • learned tasks
35
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia and how does it present?

A

Damage to area 44 on left side
• telegraphic speech
• meaning spared
• comprehension normal

36
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia and how does it present?

A

Damage to a speech area of the cortex
• speech pattern “normal”
• no meaning or comprehension

37
Q

After an amputation, what process in the cortex can cause a lot of pain?

A

Reorganisation - map plasticity

38
Q

What are commisures and what is dessucation?

A

commisures are tracts that connect two halves of CNS

commisural axons “decussate” cross the midline

level at which decussation occurs in major pathways varies

39
Q

What are graded potentials?

A 
Occur when dendrites are stimulated 
• small decays (1-2 mm)
• all directions outer
• “de”polarising
• exciting
(Different make up at the axon hillock - AP - voltage gates)
40
Q

Is sodium pump out of resting neurones to keep the membrane potentials?

41
Q

What happens when transmission occurs at a nerve terminal?

A
  • synapse
  • presynaptic presynaptic neurotransmitters
  • postsynaptic receptors
  • depolarisation
  • hyperpolarisation
  • second (molecular) messengers messengers
42
Q

What is meant by plasticity & integration?

A
  • synapses efficiency of transfer efficiency of transfer can be modulated = learning
  • dendrites integrate inputs from multiple synapses
43
Q

How in the brain grey matter organised?

A
  • nuclei/ganglia
  • layers
  • functional segregation
44
Q

Four types of neurone?

A
  • projection
  • local interneurons (+ve, -ve)
  • motor axons exit CNS = efferent
  • peripheral sensory neuron cell bodies outside the CNS = afferent
45
Q

What are projection neurones?

A

V. Long in myelinated tract
Info from cortex down into spinal cord
Layer 5 of the cortex

46
Q

From which embryological feature is the PNS derived and from what does that originate?

A

Neural crest which migrates from the neural tube

Defects in the formation of the neural crest can be related to craniofacial problems

47
Q

The dorsal closures of the neural tube is important for the establishment of which axis?

A

dorsal-ventral

48
Q

In terms of the origin of the CNS, where are the cells ‘born’?

A

Inner ventricular surface

49
Q

From which directions do protein signals come in the origination of the CNS?

A

Dorsal and ventral

50
Q

Which two processes give the structural diversity of the CNS?

A

proliferation + migration

51
Q

What types of migrations are involved in brain formation?

A

radial and tangential neuron migration

52
Q

When are the glial cells made

A

• last cell division makes glial cells

53
Q

What determines neural cell type

A

cell type is determined by DV position in neural tube

54
Q

Glial cells?

A

radial glia:
• neural progenitors/guide neural migration

Oligodendrocytes (CNS) >1 axon, Schwann cells (PNS) 1 axon
• deposit myelin

microglia:
• phagocytic CNS

astrocytes:
• physiological homeostasis, blood/brain barrier

• neural stem cells

55
Q

What is the most important protein type in tight junctions?

56
Q

What is the functional organisation the choroid plexus and what does it do?

A

Epithelium (with tight junctions) over the blood vessels (with micro villi and cilia)

  • leaky - endothelium - no tight junctions
  • secretion of CSF
57
Q

What are the Circumventricular Organs?

A

Windows of the brain - all have leaky endothelium but epithelium with tight junctions

Sensing the blood
- ports of entrance and exit
List on page 2 of BBB lecture

58
Q

Which are the sensory circumventricular organs?

A 
Area postrema 
Subfornical organ 
Organum vasculosum 
lamina terminalis 
lChoroid plexus
59
Q

Which circumventricular organs are Neurohaemal Secretory?

A

Median eminence
Neurohypophysis
Pineal gland
Choroid plexus

60
Q

See diagram on page 3 of BBB lecture for how substances can cross the BBB

61
Q

How is water secreted through the BBB and the choroid plexus?

A

Na+/K+ pumps on brain/CSF surfaces respectively

Water follows the sodium osmotically

62
Q

Why do plasma and CSF not reach equilibrium for substance concentrations?

A

Because CSF is being continually secreted

63
Q

What happens to the protein content of CSF as you descend the spinal cord?

64
Q

What causes non-communicating hydrocephalus?

A

blockage of aqueduct of Sylvius

65
Q

What causes communicating hydrocephalus?

A

obstruction of flow in sub-arachnoid space or villi

-eg. Bleed

66
Q

What factors affect CSF penetration of drugs?

A
  • see diagram on page 5 of BBB lecture
67
Q

What do you know about the ABC Superfamily (ATP-binding cassette) Efflux Transporters in the CNS?

A
  • P-glycoprotein-(Pgp) ABCB1 MDR1 human (Deely and Cole 1997)
  • Multi-drug Resistance-Associated Protein-(MRP) ABCC1,2,4,5 MRP 1-7 human (Kusuhara and Sugiyama 2002)
- Breast Cancer Resistance Protein-(BCRP) ABCG2 
hBCRP human (Doyle et al. 1998)
68
Q

How many possible drug binding domains do photoaffinity probes suggest P-glycoprotein has?
How many ATPases does it require to spit out one molecule?

69
Q

How does loperamide work?

A

Paralyses intestine via opium receptors

70
Q

Do water soluable drugs tend to get into the CNS?

71
Q

What percentage of CNS drugs are lipid soluable?

72
Q

What percentage of CNS drugs are subject to active efflux?

73
Q

Which type of drugs enter the CNS via Carrier-Mediated Influx (Metabolite Transporters)

A

A relatively small number of drugs that resemble the natural substrate

Neuroscience (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions