Healthy Living - Methods of Health Promotion Flashcards
What was the aim of Keating et al’s Study?
To assess the extent to which a mass media campaign (VISION) focussing on reproductive health and HIV/AIDS resulted in an increased awareness and prevention of HIV/AIDS.
What was the method of Keating’s study?
Self Report - structured interview/questionnaire.
What was the sample in Keating’s study?
- 3278 Nigerians aged 15-49 .
- 60% were married.
- Stratified random sampling used.
What was the procedure in Keating’s study?
Interviewed using a questionnaire containing 3 main questions:
- Have you ever talked with a partner about ways to prevent getting the AIDS virus?
- Can people reduce their chances of getting the AIDS virus by using a condom every time they have sexual intercourse?
- Did you use a condom during your last sexual encounter?
PPS were also asked whether they had seen certain campaigns through radio, TV, newspapers or health clinics.
What were the results of Keating’s study?
- Exposure to media campaigns was high.
- Those who were exposed were 1.5 times more likely to have discussed HIV/AIDS with a partner.
- Those exposed were twice as likely to know that condom use reduces the risk of HIV/AIDS infection.
- Exposure to the VISION programme had no effect on condom use during an individual’s last sexual encounter.
What conclusions were made from Keating’s study?
- VISION increased awareness and communication of HIV/AIDS.
- Increased knowledge had no effect on condom use.
- Different types of media (TV, radio, etc) reached different people - radio campaign reached more men, whereas women picked up more information from clinic leaflets.
- Practical advice on how to obtain condoms should be included in future campaigns.
What are the strengths of Keating’s study?
+ Large sample size - improves reliability (for Nigeria).
+ Useful - raised lots of information about safe sex and should have increased sexual health of many people.
+ Reliable method. Same questionnaire/3 questions used on all participants - therefore method is consistent and study can be easily repeated in other countries.
What are the weaknesses of Keating’s study?
- All PPS from Nigeria (Ethnocentric sample) and therefore findings cannot be generalised to people from other countries.
- Self reports (interviews/questionnaires) used, which have low validity as responses are subject to social desirability bias.
- Ethical concerns, as information gathered is quite personal and may invade PPS’ confidentiality/privacy.
What was the aim of Wakefield’s study?
To determine the relation between the restrictions on smoking at home, school and in public places and smoking uptake and prevalence in school students.
What was the method of Wakefield’s study?
Self Report
What was the sample of Wakefield’s study?
- 17,287 high school students at 202 schools.
- Aged 14-17
- One school in each county selected.
- 80% of students in sampled classes completed the questionnaires.
What was the procedure in Wakefield’s study?
Questionnaires asked whether adults in the home were smokers or not. PPS sorted into 6 categories.
- Non-susceptible non smokers - never smoked and no intention to in future.
- Susceptible non-smokers - never smoked a whole cigarette.
- Early experimenters - puffed a cigarette 30+ days before survey.
- Advanced experimenters - smoked a whole cigarette 30+ days before taking the survey.
- Established smokers - smoked more than 100 cigarettes.
- Current smokers - smoked during the last 30 days.
Closed question found out how smoking was restricted in the home. 2 measures of school smoking - whether there was a ban and how well it was enforced.
What were the results of Wakefield’s study?
- Not developing a smoking habit was significantly linked to parent-enforced restrictions at home, legal restrictions in public places and school enforced bans.
- Home smoking bans were more effective than legal bans in public places on uptake of smoking.
- School smoking bans were associated with an 11% reduction in uptake of smoking across all stages.
What conclusions were made from Wakefield’s study?
- Parental opposition to smoking and bans in the home reduces smoking uptake in teenagers. This conclusion is consistent with other research, but is not proven.
What were the strengths of Wakefield’s study?
+ Very large sample - increases validity, generalisability and reliability.
+ Reliable method - uses standardised questionnaires. Easily repeated.
+ Useful - we can now use the conclusions from this study to encourage parents to introduce and enforce home smoking bans to reduce smoking uptake in teenagers.
