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Healthy Living Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the aim of Beckers study?

A

To use the Health Belief Model to explain mothers adherence to a drug regime for their asthmatic children.

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2
Q

Method and participants in Beckers study

A
  • Self report and blood tests

- 111 mothers with asthmatic children

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3
Q

What were the results of Beckers study?

A
  • Positive correlation between mothers belief about child’s susceptibility to asthma and compliance
  • Correlation between seriousness of asthma and compliance
  • Negative correlation between compliance and disruption of daily routines
  • Demographic variables that correlated were marital status and education
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4
Q

Strengths of HBM model?

A

Strengths

  • holistic as many factors accounted for
  • acknowledges individual differences
  • can predict behaviour
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5
Q

Describe the Locus of Control theory

A
  • developed by Julian Rotter
  • suggested behaviour is heavily influenced by individuals perception of the extent to which they have control over their health
  • somebody with an internal locus of control feels personally able to influence events
  • somebody with external locus of control feels factors outside of their control influence events
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6
Q

Strengths of Beckers study

A

Strengths

  • high ecological validity as already had asthma
  • high validity due to triangulation of data (blood tests and interviews)
  • standardised procedure
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7
Q

Describe Rotters study

A
  • review article

- 6 pieces of research

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8
Q

Describe findings from Rotters study

A
  • findings consistently showed that participants with internal locus of control were more likely to show behaviours that would enable to cope with potential threats than participants who thought that chance determined effects of behaviour
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9
Q

Strengths of Rotters study?

A

Strengths

  • consistency within data
  • useful
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10
Q

Strengths of using Locus of Control as a theory?

A

Strengths

- can be used to explain why people do not adopt healthy behaviour

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11
Q

Describe self-efficacy

A
  • developed by bandura
  • self efficacy is a persons belief about how well they can perform in a task
    Four factors affecting self efficacy
    1. Enactive influences - a persons past experience of success and failure
    2. Vicarious influences - comparing to others
    3. Persuasory influences - positive feedback from others
    4. Emotive influences - emotions towards task
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12
Q

Aim of Banduras study?

A
  • aimed to assess the self efficacy of patients engaging in systematic desensitisation
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13
Q

What were the findings from Banduras study?

A
  • second fear scores significantly lower and coping perception scores significantly higher
  • higher levels of post test self-efficacy correlated with higher levels of interaction with snakes
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14
Q

Strengths of theories of health belief

A

Strengths

  • high ecological validity as use real life situation to apply theory to
  • e.g Becker study on children with asthma, bandura study on phobia of snake
  • strength because can apply to real life, high in validity
  • also sample may be bias
  • but weakness because less control and lacks reliability
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15
Q

What are media campaigns?

A
  • television, adverts, posters and leaflets used to get promote health
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16
Q

Aim of Keatings study

A
  • aimed to asses the extent to which a mass media campaign focussing on reproductive health and HIV/AIDS prevention resulted in increased awareness and prevention
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17
Q

Describes findings from Keatings study

A
  • exposure to media campaigns high and those exposed were more likely to have discussed AIDS with partner
  • twice as likely to know that condom use reduces risk of HIV
  • exposure to vision had no effect on condom use
  • practical advice about how to obtain condoms should be included in future campaigns
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18
Q

Evaluate Keatings study

A 
Strengths 
- large sample
- standardised 
- high ecological validity 
Weaknesses 
- self report so may give socially desirable answers 
- ethnocentric 
- low validity
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19
Q

What is legislation

A
  • a means by which authorities can create a set of enforceable rules which may inhibit or promote healthy behaviour
  • e.g underage drinking
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20
Q

Aim of Wakefields study

A
  • aimed to determine the relation between the extent of restriction on smoking at home, in school and in public places and smoking uptake and prevalence among school students
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21
Q

What were the most significant factors linked to non-smoked in Wakefields study?

A
  • parent enforced restrictions at home, legal restrictions in public places and school enforced bans
  • home bans more effective than legal bans
  • school smoking bans were associated with 11% reduction in smoking uptake
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22
Q

Aim of Ruiters study?

A
  • aim to examine the effect of fear arousal on attitude towards participation in early detection activities (breast self examination for cancer)
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23
Q

What were findings from Ruiters study?

A
  • Main effect of manipulated fear was not significant, main effect was from argument strength
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24
Q

Evaluation of Ruiter

A 
Strengths 
- controlled
- supports psychology as a science
Weaknesses
- questionnaire so may give socially desirable answers
- trying to induce fear may be unethical
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25
Q

What is adherence and why might people not adhere to medical regimes?

A
  • refers to the degree to which patients carry out the behaviours and treatments their practitioners recommend
  • non adherence lead to days off work, costs for NHS or further health problems
  • reasons for non adherence may be due to characteristics of the illness, socio-demographic factors of patients, cognitive, emotional or social factors
26
Q

Describe bulpitts study

A
  • review article studying research which identified problems with taking medication with significant side effects for hypertension
  • statistical analysis of physical and psychological effects of medical adherence to medication
27
Q

What were the findings of bulpitts study?

A
  • hypertension medication can have side effects of sleepiness, dizziness and lack of sexual functioning in men
  • may also effect cognitive functioning
  • curb et al study showed 8% of men dropped out due to sexual functioning
  • when cost of taking medicine outweighs benefits there is less likelihood of patients adhering to treatment
  • hypertension is asymptomatic (no noticeable symptoms)
28
Q

Evaluation of bulpitts study

A

Strengths
- high ecological validity
Weaknesses
- secondary research so may be bias

29
Q

Describe Watt et al’s study

A
  • repeated measures design in which each child was given normal inhaler to use for a week and then a ‘funhaler’ for second week
  • parents answered questionnaire
30
Q

What were findings from watt et al’s study?

A
  • 38% from parents medicated children the previous day with the funhaler compared to other one
  • previous research said non adherence was due to factors such as boredom, forgetfulness and apathy
  • funhaler worked well as reinforcer by including spinner and whistle
31
Q

Evaluation of watt et al study

A 
Strengths 
- high validity as independent variable was well defined and manipulated 
- study is useful 
Weaknesses 
- reductionist
32
Q

Describe Lustmans study

A
  • aimed to see if there was link between depression and non adherence in diabetic patients medication
  • double blind study with 60 patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes
  • patients randomly assigned to either fluoxetine or placebo group for 8 weeks
  • assessed from depression using psychometric tests and adherence measured by measuring GHb
33
Q

What were the findings from Lustmans study?

A
  • patients using fluoxetine reported lower levels of depression and lower levels of GHb which indicated improved adherence
  • concluded that measuring GHb in patients with diabetics indicates level of adherence to prescribed medical regime
34
Q

Evaluation of Lustmans study

A 
Strengths 
- high in validity 
- supports psychology as a science 
Weaknesses
- ethnocentrism
35
Q

What is the Health Belief Model and what are the 6 elements?

A
  • The health belief model was developed by Rosenstock in 1966 and can be seen as a process in which individuals identifies factors which may inhibit or promote them adopting a healthy behaviour.
    1. If they perceive a threat to their health if they don’t adopt it
    2. Perceived seriousness of threat
    3. Perceived susceptibility of threat
    4. If benefits outweigh costs
    5. If they are reminded by internal/external cues
    6. Demographic variables (age/gender)
36
Q

What were the questions about in Beckers study?

A
  • Childs susceptibility to illness and asthma
  • Belief about seriousness of asthma
  • How much asthma interfered with education and mothers activities
  • Attitudes to effectiveness of doctor and medication
36
Q

What did Becker conclude from his study?

A
  • Concluded the HBM is useful to predict and explain different levels of compliance
36
Q

Weaknesses of HBM model?

A
  • can only predict likelihood (not definite)
  • not all behaviour arise out of rational decision
  • only theory, doesn’t support psychology as a science
37
Q

Weaknesses of Beckers study

A
  • demand characteristics

- biased sample (only mothers)

38
Q

Weaknesses of Rotters study?

A
  • low in validity as articles may be specifically chosen to support theory (bias)
39
Q

Weaknesses of using Locus of Control as a theory?

A
  • reductionist
  • not scientific
  • individual (not situational)
40
Q

Participants in Banduras study?

A

10 people with a phobia of snakes (9 women, 1 man)

41
Q

What did Bandura measure in his assessment of participants?

A
  • pre test assessment which measured fear arousal and coping perception
  • post test assessment where participants were measured again
42
Q

What was Banduras procedure?

A
  • participants underwent systematic desensitisation involving relaxation exercises
  • first looked at pictures of snakes
  • were eventually able to handle snakes
43
Q

What did Bandura conclude from his study?

A
  • desensitisation enhanced self efficacy levels which lead to belief that participant could cope with snake
  • experiment supports concept of self efficacy because activities led to change in perception
  • self efficacy is cognitive and behavioural concept
44
Q

Weakness of theories of health belief models

A
  • reductionist as try’s to predict behaviour
  • e.g locus of control has only two factors (internal or external)
  • weakness as simplify behaviour and does not look at other factors
  • however need to be reductionist to some extent to predict behaviour
  • ## also can apply to many different situations
45
Q

Participants and method in Keatings study

A
  • self report
  • 3278 participants from 3 Nigerian states
  • interviewed and questionnaires
46
Q

What were participants in Keatings study asked?

A
  • about family planning, sexual activity and exposure to media campaign
  • if they saw campaigns through radio/TV/ newspaper
    1. Have you ever talked with a partner about ways to prevent getting virus that causes AIDS
    2. Can people reduce chances of AIDS by using a condom
    3. Did you use a condom in your last sexual encounter
47
Q

Participants and method in Wakefields study

A
  • self report

- random sample of 17287 high school students in US

48
Q

In Wakefields study participants were sorted into 6 categories based on smoking uptake. Name 3

A
  • non smoker
  • established smoker
  • current smoker (smoked in last 30 days)
49
Q

What were questionnaires about in Wakefields study?

A
  • questionnaires asked info about how smoking was restricted at home
  • two measures of school smoking: whether there was a ban or not and if so how well it was enforced
50
Q

Participants and method in Ruiters study?

A

88 females in Netherlands

Lab experiment

51
Q

What did participants in Ruiters study have to do

A
  • complete questionnaire to assess pre experimental and post experimental attitude to breast self examination
  • in experiment, had to evaluate effectiveness of educational messages about breast cancer: read message about breast cancer then report fear arousal
  • read persuasive message about performing monthly breast self examination supported by arguments
52
Q

What did Ruiter conclude from his study?

A
  • evoked fear motivates people into more argument based processing
  • findings only applicable to breast self examination
53
Q

Aim of bulpitts study?

A
  • aimed to review research on adherence in hypertensive patients
54
Q

Aim of watt et al study?

A
  • aimed to see if using funhaler can improve children’s adherence to medical regime for asthma
55
Q

Method and participants in Watt et al?

A
  • field experiment using 32 Australian children with asthma
56
Q

3 studies for theories of health?

A

Becker
Bandura
Rotter

57
Q

Studies for health promotion?

A

Keating
Wakefield
Ruiter

58
Q

Studies for non-adherence?

A

Bulpitt
Lustman
Watt et al

Psychology (5 decks)

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