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S2 Biology > Healthy Heart and Lungs > Flashcards

Healthy Heart and Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lquid part of blood known as?

A

plasma.

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2
Q

What cells are contained in blood?

A

Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells and smaller particles called platelets.

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3
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Red Blood Cells transport oxygen and contain the pigment haemoglobin.

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4
Q

Which blood cells are part of your immune system?

A

White Blood Cells are part of the Immune System

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5
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

White Blood Cells destroy bacteria and foreign particles eg. viruses

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6
Q

What are the 2 main types of white blood cell?

A

The two main types of white blood cells called phagocytes and lymphocytes.

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7
Q

Which cells engulf bacteria?

A

Phagocytes carry out phagocytosis by engulfing bacteria

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8
Q

Which cells produce antibodies?

A

Lymphocytes produce specific antibodies which destroy viruses

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9
Q

Why do antibodies only work on one type of foreign particle?

A

Antibodies have specific complementary binding sites for only one type of foreign particle eg. virus

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10
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

Vaccinesallow a dead or altered form of the foreign particle to be introduced into the body so the immune system recognises it on exposure.

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11
Q

What cells help the blood to clot?

A

Platelets help the blood to clot and reduce bleeding.

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12
Q

What is the role of the heart?

A

The function of the heart is to pump blood around the body.

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13
Q

What is the heart made of?

A

The heart is made of cardiac muscle and pumps continuously.

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14
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

The heart has four different chambers; right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle and left ventricle.

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15
Q

How does your fitness affect you resting heart rate?

A

The fitter the person the lower the resting heart rate

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16
Q

Why could a very high pulse be unhealthy?

A

A very high pulse rate is unhealthy & can lead to heart disease or stroke

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17
Q

How can you measure your pulse using low tech methods?

A

A stop watch and fingertips or stethoscope can be used as a low-tech method of measuring pulse rate

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18
Q

How can you measure your pulse using high tech methods?

A

A pulsometer or heart rate monitor linked to a computer can be used as a high-tech method of measuring pulse rate

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19
Q

What vessels carry blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

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20
Q

What vessels carry blood back towards the heart?

A

Veins carry blood back to the heart.

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21
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

Veins contain valves which prevent backflow of blood.

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22
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Capillaries are small vessels which form a network between arteries and veins

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23
Q

What does “Oxygenated blood” mean?

A

Oxygenated blood is rich in oxygen.

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24
Q

What does “Deoxygenated blood” mean?

A

Deoxygenated blood is rich in carbon dioxide.

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25
What are the 4 major blood vessels leading to and from the heart?
The four major blood vessels leading to and from the heart are the aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein and vena cava.
26
To where does the Aorta carry blood?
The aorta carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.
27
To where does the vena cava carry blood?
The vena cava returns deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart.
28
To where does the Pulmonary Artery carry blood?
The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs.
29
To where does the Pulmonary Vein carry blood?
The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
30
Why is the msucle on the left side of the heart thicker than the left side?
The muscular wall of the left-hand side of the heart is thicker than the right-hand side since it has to pump blood all round the body, whereas the right-hand side only has to pump it as far as the lungs.
31
What is the role of the Coronary Artery?
The coronary artery supplies the muscular wall of the heart with oxygenated blood.
32
What is blood pressure?
When the heart contracts and pumps blood into arteries under pressure, this pressure is called blood pressure
33
How can you measure blood pressure?
Blood pressure can be measured using either a stethoscope & mercury manometer or a digital sphygmomanometer
34
What is Systolic Blood Pressure?
Systolic pressure occurs when the heart beats & pumps blood into the arteries giving an average reading of 120 mmHg
35
What is Diastolic Blood Pressure?
Diastolic pressure occurs between beats when the heart relaxes & fills with blood giving an average reading of 80 mmHg
36
What is the average adult blood pressure?
The average blood pressure in an adult is 120/80 mmHg
37
Blood pressure above 160/90mmHg indicates……
Blood pressure greater than 160/90mmHg indicates high blood pressure
38
What causes high blood pressure?
High blood pressure is caused by: being overweight; lack of exercise; incorrect diet (fat, salt); drinking alcohol excessively; stress
39
What can high blood pressure cause?
High blood pressure can cause heart attack and stroke
40
What can low blood pressure cause?
Low blood pressure can cause fainting and heart failure
41
What do your lungs do during breathing?
Lungs inflate to take air into the body & deflate to remove air from body
42
How does air travel from your mouth/nose to your lungs?
Windpipe allows air to flow from the mouth or nose towards the lungs
43
What are Bronchi?
Bronchi are the 2 branches which join the windpipe to the lungs
44
What are Bronchioles?
Bronchioles are branches from the bronchi which lead to the air sacs
45
Where does oxygen enter, and Carbon dioxide leave our bloodstream?
Air sacs allow oxygen to pass from the lungs into the blood & carbon dioxide to pass from the blood to the lungs
46
What role do the ribs play?
Ribs shield or protect the lungs from damage
47
What makes the air sacs well suited to their job?
Air sac is thin walled & surrounded by capillaries (tiny blood vessels)
48
What is your breathing rate?
Breathing rate is the number of breaths you take in one minute
49
What causes your breathing rate to change?
Breathing rate will alter according to your level of activity
50
Do we all have the same breathing rate?
NO. Breathing rate is different between individuals depending on their age, sex, fitness and state of health
51
What happens to your breathing rate during exercise? Why?
Exercise results in faster, deeper breathing to get more oxygen to muscles & get rid of waste carbon dioxide
52
What is your recovery time?
Recovery time is the time required after exercise for rate & depth of breathing to return to normal
53
What does a short recovery time indicate?
A short recovery time indicates fitness
54
How do we measure the efficiency of our lungs?
The efficiency of the lungs can be measured using tidal volume, vital capacity and peak flow
55
What is meant by "tidal volume"?
The tidal volume is the volume of air breathed in and out in one normal breath
56
Is everyone's tidal volume equal?
Tidal volume varies depending on body size, age, sex & level of fitness
57
What is meant by vital capacity?
Vital capacity is a measure of the maximum volume of air that a person can breathe out after having taken in as deep a breath as possible
58
Does everyone have the same vital capacity?
NO. Vital capacity varies depending on body size, age, sex and fitness
59
What is your peak flow?
Peak flow is the maximum rate that you can blow air out of your lungs and is measured using a peak flow meter
60
What is asthma?
Asthma is a respiratory condition in which the air passages (bronchioles) become narrower making breathing difficult causing wheezing.

S2 Biology (3 decks)

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