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S2 Biology > Healthy Heart and Lungs > Flashcards

Healthy Heart and Lungs Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the lquid part of blood known as?

A

plasma.

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2
Q

What cells are contained in blood?

A

Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells and smaller particles called platelets.

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3
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Red Blood Cells transport oxygen and contain the pigment haemoglobin.

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4
Q

Which blood cells are part of your immune system?

A

White Blood Cells are part of the Immune System

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5
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

White Blood Cells destroy bacteria and foreign particles eg. viruses

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6
Q

What are the 2 main types of white blood cell?

A

The two main types of white blood cells called phagocytes and lymphocytes.

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7
Q

Which cells engulf bacteria?

A

Phagocytes carry out phagocytosis by engulfing bacteria

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8
Q

Which cells produce antibodies?

A

Lymphocytes produce specific antibodies which destroy viruses

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9
Q

Why do antibodies only work on one type of foreign particle?

A

Antibodies have specific complementary binding sites for only one type of foreign particle eg. virus

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10
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

Vaccinesallow a dead or altered form of the foreign particle to be introduced into the body so the immune system recognises it on exposure.

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11
Q

What cells help the blood to clot?

A

Platelets help the blood to clot and reduce bleeding.

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12
Q

What is the role of the heart?

A

The function of the heart is to pump blood around the body.

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13
Q

What is the heart made of?

A

The heart is made of cardiac muscle and pumps continuously.

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14
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

The heart has four different chambers; right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle and left ventricle.

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15
Q

How does your fitness affect you resting heart rate?

A

The fitter the person the lower the resting heart rate

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16
Q

Why could a very high pulse be unhealthy?

A

A very high pulse rate is unhealthy & can lead to heart disease or stroke

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17
Q

How can you measure your pulse using low tech methods?

A

A stop watch and fingertips or stethoscope can be used as a low-tech method of measuring pulse rate

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18
Q

How can you measure your pulse using high tech methods?

A

A pulsometer or heart rate monitor linked to a computer can be used as a high-tech method of measuring pulse rate

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19
Q

What vessels carry blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

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20
Q

What vessels carry blood back towards the heart?

A

Veins carry blood back to the heart.

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21
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

Veins contain valves which prevent backflow of blood.

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22
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Capillaries are small vessels which form a network between arteries and veins

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23
Q

What does “Oxygenated blood” mean?

A

Oxygenated blood is rich in oxygen.

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24
Q

What does “Deoxygenated blood” mean?

A

Deoxygenated blood is rich in carbon dioxide.

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25
Q

What are the 4 major blood vessels leading to and from the heart?

A

The four major blood vessels leading to and from the heart are the aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein and vena cava.

26
Q

To where does the Aorta carry blood?

A

The aorta carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.

27
Q

To where does the vena cava carry blood?

A

The vena cava returns deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart.

28
Q

To where does the Pulmonary Artery carry blood?

A

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs.

29
Q

To where does the Pulmonary Vein carry blood?

A

The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

30
Q

Why is the msucle on the left side of the heart thicker than the left side?

A

The muscular wall of the left-hand side of the heart is thicker than the right-hand side since it has to pump blood all round the body, whereas the right-hand side only has to pump it as far as the lungs.

31
Q

What is the role of the Coronary Artery?

A

The coronary artery supplies the muscular wall of the heart with oxygenated blood.

32
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

When the heart contracts and pumps blood into arteries under pressure, this pressure is called blood pressure

33
Q

How can you measure blood pressure?

A

Blood pressure can be measured using either a stethoscope & mercury manometer or a digital sphygmomanometer

34
Q

What is Systolic Blood Pressure?

A

Systolic pressure occurs when the heart beats & pumps blood into the arteries giving an average reading of 120 mmHg

35
Q

What is Diastolic Blood Pressure?

A

Diastolic pressure occurs between beats when the heart relaxes & fills with blood giving an average reading of 80 mmHg

36
Q

What is the average adult blood pressure?

A

The average blood pressure in an adult is 120/80 mmHg

37
Q

Blood pressure above 160/90mmHg indicates……

A

Blood pressure greater than 160/90mmHg indicates high blood pressure

38
Q

What causes high blood pressure?

A

High blood pressure is caused by: being overweight; lack of exercise; incorrect diet (fat, salt); drinking alcohol excessively; stress

39
Q

What can high blood pressure cause?

A

High blood pressure can cause heart attack and stroke

40
Q

What can low blood pressure cause?

A

Low blood pressure can cause fainting and heart failure

41
Q

What do your lungs do during breathing?

A

Lungs inflate to take air into the body & deflate to remove air from body

42
Q

How does air travel from your mouth/nose to your lungs?

A

Windpipe allows air to flow from the mouth or nose towards the lungs

43
Q

What are Bronchi?

A

Bronchi are the 2 branches which join the windpipe to the lungs

44
Q

What are Bronchioles?

A

Bronchioles are branches from the bronchi which lead to the air sacs

45
Q

Where does oxygen enter, and Carbon dioxide leave our bloodstream?

A

Air sacs allow oxygen to pass from the lungs into the blood & carbon dioxide to pass from the blood to the lungs

46
Q

What role do the ribs play?

A

Ribs shield or protect the lungs from damage

47
Q

What makes the air sacs well suited to their job?

A

Air sac is thin walled & surrounded by capillaries (tiny blood vessels)

48
Q

What is your breathing rate?

A

Breathing rate is the number of breaths you take in one minute

49
Q

What causes your breathing rate to change?

A

Breathing rate will alter according to your level of activity

50
Q

Do we all have the same breathing rate?

A

NO. Breathing rate is different between individuals depending on their age, sex, fitness and state of health

51
Q

What happens to your breathing rate during exercise? Why?

A

Exercise results in faster, deeper breathing to get more oxygen to muscles & get rid of waste carbon dioxide

52
Q

What is your recovery time?

A

Recovery time is the time required after exercise for rate & depth of breathing to return to normal

53
Q

What does a short recovery time indicate?

A

A short recovery time indicates fitness

54
Q

How do we measure the efficiency of our lungs?

A

The efficiency of the lungs can be measured using tidal volume, vital capacity and peak flow

55
Q

What is meant by “tidal volume”?

A

The tidal volume is the volume of air breathed in and out in one normal breath

56
Q

Is everyone’s tidal volume equal?

A

Tidal volume varies depending on body size, age, sex & level of fitness

57
Q

What is meant by vital capacity?

A

Vital capacity is a measure of the maximum volume of air that a person can breathe out after having taken in as deep a breath as possible

58
Q

Does everyone have the same vital capacity?

A

NO. Vital capacity varies depending on body size, age, sex and fitness

59
Q

What is your peak flow?

A

Peak flow is the maximum rate that you can blow air out of your lungs and is measured using a peak flow meter

60
Q

What is asthma?

A

Asthma is a respiratory condition in which the air passages (bronchioles) become narrower making breathing difficult causing wheezing.

S2 Biology (3 decks)

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