Healthy eating Flashcards
What are definitions of healthy eating?
Nutritional security in developing countries
Limiting development of chronic disease in developed countries such as obesity
What was the first UK healthy eating programme?
Rationing in WWII
What affects CHD rates for countries?
They will vary by % caloric intake of dietary saturated fat (SFA)
What else varies by % calories of diet saturated fat (SFA)?
Mean serum total cholesterol
What is the relationship between CHD rates and cholesterol?
CHD rates will vary by mean level of serum total cholesterol
What were the implications of the seven countries cultural contrast?
High saturated fat intake is essential for major population burden of CHD
Mediterranean and Asian eating patterns are compatible with low CHD and low total mortality rates
How does energy density vary between countries?
Food in developed countries has a much higher energy density than in traditional cultures
What is obesity linked with?
T2DM
Cancer
Coronary artery disease
What was the DASH diet?
Dietary approach to stop hypertension:
8-10 fruit and veg
7-8 grains
Showed significant effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure
What is the difference between nutritional goals and guidelines?
Goals- Set a target
Guidelines- Tells you how to get there
What is the strength of goals and guidelines?
Consensus opinion of experts
What is healthy eating in the UK aimed at?
Long term prevention of disease
Not short term management of a condition
Difficult to show value of healthy eating through RCT-cohort data sets
What is the basis of healthy eating in UK?
Behaviour rather than knowledge
Understand short, medium and long term consequences
Help people feel positive about benefits and value of health-enhancing behaviours and changing their behaviours
Recognising how people’s social contexts and relationships may affect their behaviour
Helping people plan changes
Identifying things that will undermine change and forming coping strategies
What are the dietary recommendations?
Base meals on starchy foods such as potatoes etc
Eat plenty of fibre
Eat at least 5 portions of fruit and veg each day
Eat a low fat diet and avoid increasing fat or calorie intake
Eat as little as possible of fried foods, drinks and confectionery high in sugar
Limit energy and fat intake
Eat breakfast
Watch portion size
Improve appetite regulation
Minimise alcohol intake
What common nutritional targets are there for healthy eating?
Maintain body weight Reduction in total fat intake |ncrease carbohydrate Increase fibre and wholegrain Increase fruit and veg intake Decrease salt intake
What does the eat well plate show?
A healthy diet over time not one meal
Where are N-6 polyunsaturated fats found and what do they do?
Found in corn and vegetable oils. Effects on LDL clearance and decrease in adhesion molecules
What does saturated fat do compared to N-6?
ACAT (acyl-coA cholesterol acetyltransferase) is down regulated by saturated fats so cholesterol forms pools in the cells and signals LDL receptor down regulation- cholesterol isn’t esterified. Therefore LDL circulates for longer periods increasing risk of atherosclerosis.
In contrast, N-6 activates ACTA and up regulates LDL receptor so it is cleared more efficiently from the blood
What is recommended sodium intake?
<6g/day
What are dietary goals based on?
Epidemiological observation and mechanistic back up
Which groups is iron deficiency most commonly found in?
Children age 1.5-4.5
Girls 11-18
Women
What are the effects of iron deficiency in children?
Reduced concentration and poor academic performance
What evidence is there of healthy eating messages working?
North Karella- comprehensive activities were used involving health and other services, schools, NGOs, innovative media campaigns, local media, supermarkets, food industry, agriculture etc
How are cholesterol levels in UK changing?
More middle aged people have higher cholesterol than past
Prevalence of CHD is increasing despite fact that deaths are decreasing
What is required to influence nutritional intake?
Many sectors- Agriculture Employment Finance Health and safety Social security Education Energy Foreign affairs Home office Trade and industry Science Environment Health Information Transport
What changes in nutrition have occurred in UK?
Healthy eating messages been around for ages
Decrease and change in quality of fat
Increase in fruit and veg of only half a portion a day
Give a summary of key points of lecture?
Healthy eating is about reaching nutritional potential
Developed world goals are based on chronic disease prevention
Obesity is major public health problem
Possible to change nutritional behaviour
To make population change needs a change in many aspects of society
