Healthy eating

Question 1

What are definitions of healthy eating?

Answer 1

Nutritional security in developing countries

Limiting development of chronic disease in developed countries such as obesity

Question 2

What was the first UK healthy eating programme?

Answer 2

Rationing in WWII

Question 3

What affects CHD rates for countries?

Answer 3

They will vary by % caloric intake of dietary saturated fat (SFA)

Question 4

What else varies by % calories of diet saturated fat (SFA)?

Answer 4

Mean serum total cholesterol

Question 5

What is the relationship between CHD rates and cholesterol?

Answer 5

CHD rates will vary by mean level of serum total cholesterol

Question 6

What were the implications of the seven countries cultural contrast?

Answer 6

High saturated fat intake is essential for major population burden of CHD
Mediterranean and Asian eating patterns are compatible with low CHD and low total mortality rates

Question 7

How does energy density vary between countries?

Answer 7

Food in developed countries has a much higher energy density than in traditional cultures

Question 8

What is obesity linked with?

Answer 8

T2DM
Cancer
Coronary artery disease

Question 9

What was the DASH diet?

Answer 9

Dietary approach to stop hypertension:
8-10 fruit and veg
7-8 grains
Showed significant effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Question 10

What is the difference between nutritional goals and guidelines?

Answer 10

Goals- Set a target

Guidelines- Tells you how to get there

Question 11

What is the strength of goals and guidelines?

Answer 11

Consensus opinion of experts

Question 12

What is healthy eating in the UK aimed at?

Answer 12

Long term prevention of disease
Not short term management of a condition
Difficult to show value of healthy eating through RCT-cohort data sets

Question 13

What is the basis of healthy eating in UK?

Answer 13

Behaviour rather than knowledge
Understand short, medium and long term consequences
Help people feel positive about benefits and value of health-enhancing behaviours and changing their behaviours
Recognising how people’s social contexts and relationships may affect their behaviour
Helping people plan changes
Identifying things that will undermine change and forming coping strategies

Question 14

What are the dietary recommendations?

Answer 14

Base meals on starchy foods such as potatoes etc
Eat plenty of fibre
Eat at least 5 portions of fruit and veg each day
Eat a low fat diet and avoid increasing fat or calorie intake
Eat as little as possible of fried foods, drinks and confectionery high in sugar
Limit energy and fat intake
Eat breakfast
Watch portion size
Improve appetite regulation
Minimise alcohol intake

Question 15

What common nutritional targets are there for healthy eating?

Answer 15

Maintain body weight
Reduction in total fat intake
|ncrease carbohydrate
Increase fibre and wholegrain
Increase fruit and veg intake
Decrease salt intake

Question 16

What does the eat well plate show?

Answer 16

A healthy diet over time not one meal

Question 17

Where are N-6 polyunsaturated fats found and what do they do?

Answer 17

Found in corn and vegetable oils. Effects on LDL clearance and decrease in adhesion molecules

Question 18

What does saturated fat do compared to N-6?

Answer 18

ACAT (acyl-coA cholesterol acetyltransferase) is down regulated by saturated fats so cholesterol forms pools in the cells and signals LDL receptor down regulation- cholesterol isn’t esterified. Therefore LDL circulates for longer periods increasing risk of atherosclerosis.
In contrast, N-6 activates ACTA and up regulates LDL receptor so it is cleared more efficiently from the blood

Question 19

What is recommended sodium intake?

Answer 19

<6g/day

Question 20

What are dietary goals based on?

Answer 20

Epidemiological observation and mechanistic back up

Question 21

Which groups is iron deficiency most commonly found in?

Answer 21

Children age 1.5-4.5
Girls 11-18
Women

Question 22

What are the effects of iron deficiency in children?

Answer 22

Reduced concentration and poor academic performance

Question 23

What evidence is there of healthy eating messages working?

Answer 23

North Karella- comprehensive activities were used involving health and other services, schools, NGOs, innovative media campaigns, local media, supermarkets, food industry, agriculture etc

Question 24

How are cholesterol levels in UK changing?

Answer 24

More middle aged people have higher cholesterol than past

Prevalence of CHD is increasing despite fact that deaths are decreasing

Question 25

What is required to influence nutritional intake?

Answer 25

Many sectors-
Agriculture
Employment
Finance
Health and safety
Social security
Education
Energy
Foreign affairs
Home office
Trade and industry
Science 
Environment
Health
Information 
Transport

Question 26

What changes in nutrition have occurred in UK?

Answer 26

Healthy eating messages been around for ages
Decrease and change in quality of fat
Increase in fruit and veg of only half a portion a day

Question 27

Give a summary of key points of lecture?

Answer 27

Healthy eating is about reaching nutritional potential
Developed world goals are based on chronic disease prevention
Obesity is major public health problem
Possible to change nutritional behaviour
To make population change needs a change in many aspects of society