HealthPsyc2 Flashcards
Health behaviour: • behavioural pathogens:
Matarazzo (1984)
• the health damaging/health risk behaviours such as
excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, fatty diet.
Chronic disease in Australia
“heart disease, stroke, cancer and other chronic
diseases looming epidemics that will take the
greatest toll in deaths and disability” (WHO, 2005)
• Chronic diseases impact heavily on:
• Burden upon patients/carers
• Rates of death/disability
• Use of health services
• Healthcare expenditure
See slide for graphs of behavioural contributors
Primary causes of death in Australia
Coronary heart disease
-Smoking -Diet -Exercise -Alcohol
Stroke (and other cerebrovascular diseases)
-Smoking -Diet -Alcohol -Exercise
Cancer (primarily lung, breast, prostate, colorectal)
-Smoking -Alcohol -Diet -Health Screening -Self-Examination
Dementia
-Smoking (?) -Alcohol(?) -Exercise (?) -Diet (?)
Smoking Risks
Increased risk of: • Coronary heart disease • Stroke • Peripheral vascular disease • Cancer
Daily Smoking Prevalence in Australia
2001: 19% 2013: 13%
Never Smoked >100 cigarettes (14+ years)
2001: 51% 2013: 60%
Factors associated with smoking
• Location
o Remote and very remote areas (2x more likely than major cities)
• SES
o Lower SES (3 x more likely than highest SES)
• Indigeneity
o Indigenous Australians
(2.5x more likely than non-Indigenous)
• Sexual orientation
o Homosexual and bisexual (more likely to
smoke daily than heterosexual)
Why start smoking?
- Modelling (peers, siblings, parents)
- Social pressure, social learning and reinforcement
- Weight control
- Risk-taking or problem behaviours
- Health cognitions (unrealistic optimism)
Why continue smoking?
- Enjoyment
- Habit
- Physical and/or psychological addiction
- Stress/anxiety management
- Low self-efficacy
Alcohol
“the second most widely used
psychoactive substance in the world
(after caffeine)”
(Julien, 1996, p101)
Alcohol Recommendations (for healthy adults who are not pregnant)
• For reducing long-term harm, no more than: 2 drinks a night
For reducing short-term harm (i.e. injury), no more than: 4 drinks a night
Standard drink= 10g of alcohol
Alcohol Leads to Increased risk of…
Short Term
-Road and other accidents
• Domestic and public violence
• Crime
Long term • Liver disease • Cancer (oral, oesophagus, larynx) • High blood pressure • Pancreatitis • Brain damage
Alcohol Prevalence • Exceeding guidelines for reducing long-term harm:
2001: 21% 2013: 18%
Alcohol Prevalence Exceeding guidelines for reducing short-term harm:
2001: 29% 2013: 26%
Factors associated with risky drinking
- Location:
- Remote and very remote areas (2x more likely than major cities)
- SES:
- Higher SES (more likely to drink in risky quantities than people with lowest SES)
• Indigeneity:
• Indigenous Australians: more abstinence but (if
drinking) more risky
- Sexual orientation:
- Homosexual and bisexual (more likely to drink in risky quantities)
Why higher amongst same-sex attracted people?
Negative reactions to disclosure of orientation
• (Baiocco et al., 2010)
• Experiences of bisexual-negativity
(Molina et al., 2015)
Recommendations for safer sex
- Regular STI checks
- Covering potentially infectious areas
- Preventing/reducing the transfer of bodily fluids between partners
Use of:
• Internal (“female”) or external (“male”) condoms or
gloves during penetrative sex
• Condoms and dental dams for oral sex
• Lubricant to reduce condom breakage during anal
sex
With protection, reduced risk of…
- Unwanted pregnancy
- Infections: e.g.:
- HIV
- HPV
- chlamydia
- herpes simplex
- genital warts etc
Prevalence (amongst adults who had casual intercourse) • Used condom every time:
2002: 41% 2013: 49%
Factors associated with condom-use
• Amongst women:
• Age (less likely after 30)
• Excessive alcohol consumption (less likely after >
alcohol)
• Amongst men:
• Number of sexual partners (more likely with more than
one partner)
Why not use protection?
- Social:
- Difficulty/embarrassment in raising issue
- Anticipated objection
- Worry about STI implications
- Lack of self-efficacy for correct use
- Attitudes:
- Reduced spontaneity
- Unrealistically positive
Exercise Recommendations (for adults)
- Moderate activity, at least 150-300 min/week: eg. 30 mins 5 days a week
- Vigorous activity, at least 75-150 min/week:
Exercise Benefits
Reduced risk of: Physical: • Cardiovascular disease • Type II diabetes • Cancer (colon, breast)
Psychological: Brown et al. (2012) • Anxiety disorders + symptoms • Major depressive disorder + symptoms • Stress
Prevalence (amongst adults)
• Meeting exercise guidelines:
2005: 30% 2012: 43%
Factors associated with exercising
- Age:
- Younger (more likely to meet guidelines)
- SES:
- Higher (more likely to meet guidelines)
- Education
- Higher (more likely to meet guidelines)
- Location
- Major cities (more likely to meet guidelines)
Why exercise? Why not exercise?
- Internal
- Self-efficacy
- Lack of interest
- Enjoyment
- External
- Time constraints
- Modeling from family
- Social support
- Number of active neighbors
Health Diet Recommendations (for women)
2 fruit & 5 veg servings
Health Diet Recommendations (for men)
2 fruit & 6 veg servings
Serving Size
• Vegetable serve is 75g • About half a cup of cooked vegetables or a cup of raw vegetables like lettuce. • Fruit serve is 150g • 2 small pieces of fruit or one medium size piece of fruit.
Healthy Eating Benefits
Reduced risk of:
• Coronary heart disease
• Stroke
• Lung cancer
Prevalence (amongst adults)
• Meeting fruit guidelines:
2005: 54% 2012: 49%
Prevalence (amongst adults)
Meeting vegetable guidelines:
2005: 14% 2012: 6%
Factors associated with F&V consumption
• SES:
• Higher (more likely to meet guidelines)
• Age:
5-7 years: 55% 12-34 years: 4% 55+ years: 8%
Why not eat F&V?
• Parental socialisation
• Permissiveness; feeding practices (Vereecken, Rovner, & Maes, 2010)
• Perceived and/or actual barriers:
• Lack of knowledge and skills
• Length of preparation time (Lea, Worsley & Crawford, 2005)
• Cost and availability (e.g. rural areas) (Lee et al., 2002)
• Misinformation:
• Consumers reluctant to eat vegetarian diet because of
concerns about lack of nutrients and iron (Lea & Worsley, 2001)
Why eat F&V? (Young Australians)
Pearson, Ball and Crawford (2011) • 12-15 year olds in Victoria Why eat F&V? (Young Australians) • Vegetables: • Peer support • Self-efficacy • Perceived availability of F&V in the home
- Fruit:
- Healthy eating value
- Modeling by mother
- Self-efficacy
- Perceived availability of energy-dense food in the home
HPV Vaccination Recomendations
- Ideally, before sexually active
* Free nationally for 12-13 year olds
Benefits (of vaccination with Gardasil)
Protects against HPV types 16 and 18. Amongst cancers attributable to HPV, types 16 and 18 cause approximately: • 75% of cervical cancers • 85% of vulvar and vaginal cancers • 90% of cancers of the mouth/throat • 75% of penile cancer • 95% of anal cancers • Also protects against HPV types 6 and 11, which cause: • 90% of genital warts
Prevalence
• Had all three vaccinations:
National HPV Program Initiated in 2007
in 2011:
Girls 12-17: 71% Women 18-26: 33%
Factors associated with HPV Vaccination uptake
- Health insurance status (may not be issue in Australia)
- Program location (schools)
- Recommendation by health care professional
- Parental concern about:
- safety and side-effects
- initiation of early sexual behaviour (? Although unlikely to be a founded concern)
behavioural immunogens:
• the health protective/health enhancing behaviours such as exercise, health screening uptake, breast self
examination, and low fat diets.
