HEALTHCARE 5

Question 1

The science that deals with the collection, classification and use of numerical facts or data bearing on a subject or matter; the numerical facts or data themselves.

Answer 1

STATISTICS

Question 2

Statistical data which relate the total number of various kinds of biologic or vital events (like births, marriages, illnesses and deaths) to the size and characteristics of the affected population.

Answer 2

VITAL STATISTICS / BIOSTATISTICS

Question 3

A figure that describes the probability of occurrence of some events.

Answer 3

RATE

Question 4

formula of rate

Answer 4

a/a+b x f

Question 5

frequency with which an event has occurred during some specified place and period of time.

Answer 5

a

Question 6

the number of persons exposed to the risk of the event during the same place and period of time.

Answer 6

a + b =

Question 7

a figure ( called a factor in the text such as 100, 1000, 10,000, or 100,000) to which the quotient is multiplied, the purpose is to avoid results involving very small numbers or decimal points.

Answer 7

f

Question 8

A rate relating to vital events

Answer 8

VITAL RATE

Question 9

A figure which indicates the relative size of two numbers

Answer 9

RATIO

Question 10

An aggregate or group of people under study

Answer 10

POPULATION

Question 11

The population of the area under study as of July 1 (mid-year) of a calendar year

Answer 11

MID-YEAR POPULATION

Question 12

The population capable of acquiring a disease

Answer 12

POPULATION AT RISK

Question 13

Generally expressed as vital rates, which may be grouped under three categories:
1. Fertility or Birth rates
2. Morbidity or Sickness rates
3. Mortality rates or Death rates
These rates serve as indices of the health of a population based on the birth, illness and death patterns obtained in a community.

Answer 13

Vital Statistics

Question 14

3 categories of vital rates

Answer 14

Fertility or Birth rates, Morbidity or Sickness rates, Mortality rates or Death rates

Question 15

Rough measure of fertility in the population
Makes use of the mid-year population (including the number of men and women incapable of child-bearing) as its denominator

Answer 15

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Question 16

A MORE specific measure than the crude birth rate because the denominator makes use of the number of women of child bearing age
Child-bearing age may vary from one country to country. Some use 15 - 44 yrs while others use 15 – 49 yrs.

Answer 16

General Fertility Rate (GFR)

Question 17

One of the MOST accurate
Permits a more in-depth study of the differences in fertility at specific ages throughout the reproductive period and the impact of birth control measures on fertility

Answer 17

Age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)

Question 18

Include the crude death rate (CDR), the age, sex or cause-specific death rates, the proportional mortality rates (PMR), the case fatality rate (CFR), the infant mortality rate (IMR), the fetal death rate (FDR), maternal mortality rate (MMR) and perinatal mortality rate (PMR)

Answer 18

mortality/death rate

Question 19

Rough measurement of death
A measure of the force of mortality or the probability of dying in a population

Answer 19

Crude Death Rate

Question 20

Gives a better picture of the force of mortality in a given population than the crude death rate since the age factor is held constant
Merely the crude death rate calculated for each age group.
Both numerator and denominator pertain to a specific age group.
The factor (F) is not specified. This means that any factor may be used (100, 1000 or 100,000) as long as it gives a whole number when multiplied by the quotient.

Answer 20

Age-specific Death Rate

Question 21

This rate is similar to the age specific death rate but specifies the sex as well.

Answer 21

Age and Sex-specific Death Rate (ASSDR)

Question 22

Specifies the cause rather than the age and sex

Answer 22

Cause-specific Death Rate

Question 23

Denotes the percentage of all deaths attributed to a certain disease
Used in ranking the cause of death by magnitude of frequency
The ten leading causes of mortality is a popular means of showing the common health problems for a given geographic area, age and sex.
Always expressed in percentage since the factor used is 100

Answer 23

Proportional Mortality Rate

Question 24

Another proportional mortality indicator
Gives the percentage of all deaths which occur in persons 50 years and above

Answer 24

Swaroop’s Index

Question 25

Measures the killing power of a disease or injury as expressed in terms of percentage
Example: rabies and meningitis are known to have a HIGH CFR while measles or mumps are known to have a LOW CFR
May be used to determine how well the treatment for a certain disease has succeeded or is succeeding.

Answer 25

Case Fatality Rate

Question 26

Measures the killing power of a disease or injury as expressed in terms of percentage
Example: rabies and meningitis are known to have a HIGH CFR while measles or mumps are known to have a LOW CFR
May be used to determine how well the treatment for a certain disease has succeeded or is succeeding.

Answer 26

Case Fatality Rate ( CFR)

Question 27

Considered one of the MOST sensitive indices of the health conditions obtaining in a population
Unlike the crude death rate, which includes deaths from old age, degenerative diseases, and other causes not readily preventable by public measures, the IMR is closely linked with preventable or environmental factors
Infant deaths are associated with acute communicable diseases and such factors as poor environmental sanitation and personal hygiene, in general, inadequate health services.

Answer 27

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Question 28

(first month or 28 days of life)

Answer 28

neonatal

Question 29

(after the first month to one year of age)

Answer 29

post-neonatal

Question 30

Includes abortions and stillbirths
According to WHO, FETAL DEATH refers to the death PRIOR to complete expulsion or extraction from the mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy
The death is indicated by the fact that after such separation, the fetus does not breathe nor show any evidence of life such as beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord or definite movement of voluntary muscles

Answer 30

Fetal Death Rate (FDR)

Question 31

Measures the risk of dying from causes associated with childbirth.
Defined as the death of a mother directly due to pregnancy, labor, and puerperium within 90 days of delivery.

Answer 31

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

Question 32

Perinatal deaths refer to the deaths of the fetus or neonate occurring AROUND the time of birth.

Answer 32

Perinatal Mortality Rate (PMR)

Question 33

Measures the frequency of occurrence of NEW cases
Answers the question, “ how frequently does a disease occur within a given period of time?”
Used in the study of acute diseases, in outbreaks or epidemics and secular trends
Can be made specific for age, sex, etc. In the same manner as age specific mortality rates

Answer 33

Incidence Rate

Question 34

A refinement of the incidence rate
Used only for a limited population group and time period, usually during an outbreak or epidemic

Answer 34

Attack Rate (AR)

Question 35

A refinement of the incidence rate
Used only for a limited population group and time period, usually during an outbreak or epidemic

Answer 35

Attack Rate (AR)

Question 36

More commonly used measure in chronic disease
A measure of the status of a particular disease within a given point or interval of time
Answers the question, “what proportion of the population are actually ill with a particular disease or are infected with a particular agent?”
A valuable tool for administrative purposes

Answer 36

Prevalence Rate (PR)

Question 37

No. of cases existing (old & new) at a given interval or period of time

Answer 37

period prevalence

Question 38

No. of cases existing (old & new) as of a given time

Answer 38

point prevalence