HEALTHCARE 5 Flashcards
The science that deals with the collection, classification and use of numerical facts or data bearing on a subject or matter; the numerical facts or data themselves.
STATISTICS
Statistical data which relate the total number of various kinds of biologic or vital events (like births, marriages, illnesses and deaths) to the size and characteristics of the affected population.
VITAL STATISTICS / BIOSTATISTICS
A figure that describes the probability of occurrence of some events.
RATE
formula of rate
a/a+b x f
frequency with which an event has occurred during some specified place and period of time.
a
the number of persons exposed to the risk of the event during the same place and period of time.
a + b =
a figure ( called a factor in the text such as 100, 1000, 10,000, or 100,000) to which the quotient is multiplied, the purpose is to avoid results involving very small numbers or decimal points.
f
A rate relating to vital events
VITAL RATE
A figure which indicates the relative size of two numbers
RATIO
An aggregate or group of people under study
POPULATION
The population of the area under study as of July 1 (mid-year) of a calendar year
MID-YEAR POPULATION
The population capable of acquiring a disease
POPULATION AT RISK
Generally expressed as vital rates, which may be grouped under three categories:
1. Fertility or Birth rates
2. Morbidity or Sickness rates
3. Mortality rates or Death rates
These rates serve as indices of the health of a population based on the birth, illness and death patterns obtained in a community.
Vital Statistics
3 categories of vital rates
Fertility or Birth rates, Morbidity or Sickness rates, Mortality rates or Death rates
Rough measure of fertility in the population
Makes use of the mid-year population (including the number of men and women incapable of child-bearing) as its denominator
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
A MORE specific measure than the crude birth rate because the denominator makes use of the number of women of child bearing age
Child-bearing age may vary from one country to country. Some use 15 - 44 yrs while others use 15 – 49 yrs.
General Fertility Rate (GFR)
One of the MOST accurate
Permits a more in-depth study of the differences in fertility at specific ages throughout the reproductive period and the impact of birth control measures on fertility
Age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)
Include the crude death rate (CDR), the age, sex or cause-specific death rates, the proportional mortality rates (PMR), the case fatality rate (CFR), the infant mortality rate (IMR), the fetal death rate (FDR), maternal mortality rate (MMR) and perinatal mortality rate (PMR)
mortality/death rate
Rough measurement of death
A measure of the force of mortality or the probability of dying in a population
Crude Death Rate
Gives a better picture of the force of mortality in a given population than the crude death rate since the age factor is held constant
Merely the crude death rate calculated for each age group.
Both numerator and denominator pertain to a specific age group.
The factor (F) is not specified. This means that any factor may be used (100, 1000 or 100,000) as long as it gives a whole number when multiplied by the quotient.
Age-specific Death Rate
This rate is similar to the age specific death rate but specifies the sex as well.
Age and Sex-specific Death Rate (ASSDR)
Specifies the cause rather than the age and sex
Cause-specific Death Rate
Denotes the percentage of all deaths attributed to a certain disease
Used in ranking the cause of death by magnitude of frequency
The ten leading causes of mortality is a popular means of showing the common health problems for a given geographic area, age and sex.
Always expressed in percentage since the factor used is 100
Proportional Mortality Rate
Another proportional mortality indicator
Gives the percentage of all deaths which occur in persons 50 years and above
Swaroop’s Index
Measures the killing power of a disease or injury as expressed in terms of percentage
Example: rabies and meningitis are known to have a HIGH CFR while measles or mumps are known to have a LOW CFR
May be used to determine how well the treatment for a certain disease has succeeded or is succeeding.
Case Fatality Rate
Measures the killing power of a disease or injury as expressed in terms of percentage
Example: rabies and meningitis are known to have a HIGH CFR while measles or mumps are known to have a LOW CFR
May be used to determine how well the treatment for a certain disease has succeeded or is succeeding.
Case Fatality Rate ( CFR)
Considered one of the MOST sensitive indices of the health conditions obtaining in a population
Unlike the crude death rate, which includes deaths from old age, degenerative diseases, and other causes not readily preventable by public measures, the IMR is closely linked with preventable or environmental factors
Infant deaths are associated with acute communicable diseases and such factors as poor environmental sanitation and personal hygiene, in general, inadequate health services.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
(first month or 28 days of life)
neonatal
(after the first month to one year of age)
post-neonatal
Includes abortions and stillbirths
According to WHO, FETAL DEATH refers to the death PRIOR to complete expulsion or extraction from the mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy
The death is indicated by the fact that after such separation, the fetus does not breathe nor show any evidence of life such as beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord or definite movement of voluntary muscles
Fetal Death Rate (FDR)
Measures the risk of dying from causes associated with childbirth.
Defined as the death of a mother directly due to pregnancy, labor, and puerperium within 90 days of delivery.
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)
Perinatal deaths refer to the deaths of the fetus or neonate occurring AROUND the time of birth.
Perinatal Mortality Rate (PMR)
Measures the frequency of occurrence of NEW cases
Answers the question, “ how frequently does a disease occur within a given period of time?”
Used in the study of acute diseases, in outbreaks or epidemics and secular trends
Can be made specific for age, sex, etc. In the same manner as age specific mortality rates
Incidence Rate
A refinement of the incidence rate
Used only for a limited population group and time period, usually during an outbreak or epidemic
Attack Rate (AR)
A refinement of the incidence rate
Used only for a limited population group and time period, usually during an outbreak or epidemic
Attack Rate (AR)
More commonly used measure in chronic disease
A measure of the status of a particular disease within a given point or interval of time
Answers the question, “what proportion of the population are actually ill with a particular disease or are infected with a particular agent?”
A valuable tool for administrative purposes
Prevalence Rate (PR)
No. of cases existing (old & new) at a given interval or period of time
period prevalence
No. of cases existing (old & new) as of a given time
point prevalence
