HEALTHCARE 3 Flashcards
epi
upon/among
demos
people/district
logos
study or knowledge of
epidemiology is defined as the study of what?
study of what is upon the people
What is the goal of epidemiology
Limit disease, injury and death in a community
Professionals involved in the area of epidemiology
epidemiologist
Defined Epidemiology as “the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases and injuries in human populations”
Mausner & Kramer (1985)
Defined epidemiology as the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems
John M. Last
Classical Father of Epidemiology
Hippocrates
Who was the first person known to have examined the relationships between disease occurrence and environmental influences.
Hippocrates
What relationship did Hippocrates examine?
relationships between disease occurrence and environmental influences
What 2 terms did Hippocrates coin in epidemiology?
epidemic and endemic
• 16th century, famous Italian doctor
• the first one who proposed a theory that very small, unseeable live particles cause disease and are able to spread via different modes of transmission that can cause epidemics
Girolamo Fracastoro
What proved Fracastoro’s theory?
Invention of Microscope
Who created the microscope
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek 1675
In this date, there had been an outbreak of cholera in London’s Soho District. Dr. John Snow mapped out the clusters of cholera cases and identified that the cause of the outbreak was the public water pump system in the area. The outbreak declined and no more incidence of cholera was reported after determining the cause of disease and this had been perceived as a major event in the history of public health and was regarded as the founding event of the science of epidemiology.
1854
Who is the Modern Father of Epidemiology
Dr. John Snow
What caused the outbreak of cholera in London’s Soho District
public water pump system
Broad Street Pump
John Snow and Cholera
In 1847 brought down infant mortality at a Vienna hospital by instituting hand washing procedures.
Ignaz Semmelweis
He was regarded as the “Father of Handwashing”.
Ignaz Semmelweis
the single most important measure to reduce disease transmission from one person to another
Handwashing
the single most important measure to reduce disease transmission from one person to another
Handwashing
What date did Joseph Lister discovered aseptique/aseptic (from asepsis meaning without infection) technique which is geared towards the prevention of microorganisms from reaching susceptible areas thereby preventing the spread of disease.
1865
without infection
Asepsis
The International Epidemiological Association endorsed the following aims of epidemiology
- To describe the distribution & magnitude of health & disease problems
- To identify the etiology
- To provide the data necessary
cause of disease
etiology
the first phase of any investigation.
Descriptive
Descriptive protocol includes what?
Population, Disease, Time, Place, Personal Factors, Disease measured using statistics, cause of disease is investigated and reported
use of case studies
Analytical
use of laboratory animals and different study designs to identify disease association
Experimental
the disease is transmissible from one human to another. (person-person transmission)
Communicable disease
a communicable disease that is EASILY transmitted from one person to another
Contagious disease
All contagious diseases are communicable, but not all communicable diseases are contagious disease. True or false?
True
infectious diseases that humans acquire from animal sources
Zoonotic diseases (zoonoses)
the number of NEW cases of a particular disease in a defined population during a specific time period.
Incidence
the TOTAL number of cases of a disease existing in a given population.
PREVALENCE
2 types of prevalence
Period prevalence and point prevalence
number of cases of a specific disease existing in a given population during a specific time period. (e.g. there are 119 cases of gonorrhea in Batangas province during 2007.)
Period prevalence
number of cases of a specific disease existing in a given population at a particular moment in time. (e.g. there are 201 cases of acute respiratory infection in Batangas province at this moment.)
Point prevalence
numerical expression of the number of disease cases that occur during a specific time period per a specifically defined population.
Morbidity rate (disease rate)
Mortality rate (death rate)- refers to the number of people who died of a particular disease during a specific time period per a specifically defined population
Mortality rate (death rate)
refers to the number of people who died of a particular disease during a specific time period per a specifically defined population
Mortality rate (death rate)
defined as GREATER THAN USUAL NUMBER OF CASES of a disease in a particular region usually for a short period of time.
Epidemic diseases (outbreak diseases)
refer to diseases that are ALWAYS PRESENT within the population of a particular geographic area. The number of cases may fluctuate over time but the disease never dies out completely.
Endemic diseases
refer to diseases that only occurs OCCASIONALLY within the population of a particular geographic area.
Sporadic diseases
diseases occurring in epidemic proportions in many countries simultaneously WORLDWIDE
Pandemic diseases
