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PIL > Health Status > Flashcards

Health Status Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy/Physiology

A

Human, mouse and other mammals shared a common ancestor approximately 80 million years ago

Mice and men share about 97.5 per cent of their working DNA

Of the approximately 4,000 genes that have been studied, less than 10 are found in one species but not in the other

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2
Q

Use in Science

A

Scientists use these similarities to study disease in humans.

May do this by causing similar disease in animals to study effects.

To do this effectively it is important to be sure that the effects you are seeing result from your procedure and not from some unintended source.

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3
Q

Unintended sources

A 
1 Other diseases
2 Unintended pain
3 Stress/distress
4 Social/environmental factors
Overcrowding/isolation
Boredom
Environment (hot, cold, light, light cycles.) Consider position on rack
Diet, enrichment/lack of.
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4
Q

DISEASE

A

An impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning (WHO)

Also includes stress (distress) and pain

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5
Q

CAUSES/CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASE

INFECTIOUS

A 
Virus
Bacteria 	
Fungi			
Protozoa
Parasites
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6
Q

CAUSES/CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASE

NON-INFECTIOUS

A

Trauma Environment Metabolic Chemicals Nutrition Ageing Hereditary Stress
Pain

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7
Q

Disease

A

Clinical
Sub-clinical
Zoonotic

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8
Q

Disease

Clinical

A

Shows signs of illness

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9
Q

Disease

Sub-clinical

A

Not obvious - but may still be transmittable

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10
Q

Disease

Zoonotic

A

Transmittable from animals to man and v.v.

Strepto monilliformis (Rats)
Leptospirosis – wild rodents only
Piscine tuberculosis (Fish)
Influenza (Ferrets)
Erysipelas  (Pigs)
Ringworm  (G.Pigs)
Psittacosis (Birds)
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11
Q

Common diseases of mice

Virus

A

MNV

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12
Q

Common diseases of mice

Bacterial

A

Pasteurella
Staph
Strep
Helicobacter

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13
Q

Common diseases of mice

Parasites

A

Protozoa

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14
Q

Common diseases of rats

Bacterial

A

Klebsiella
Staph
Strep
Helicobacter

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15
Q

Common diseases of rats

A

Protozoa

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16
Q

Common diseases of fish

Bacterial

A

Fish TB (T marinum)

fin rot

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17
Q

Common diseases of fish

Parasites

A

Oodinium (dinoflagellates - velvet)
Ichthyophirius (ciliate - white spot)
Saprolegnia (fungus)
Fin rot (bacterial)

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18
Q

Recognising Pain and Distress

A

Know what a normal animal looks like

Look for change in behaviour or appearance

Look for subtle signs

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19
Q

Signs

Three conditions:

A

Pain
Disease
Stress/Distress

may display signs - especially pain and diseaes

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20
Q

General Signs of Pain & Disease

A

Alteration of normal behaviour/appearance

Reduced feeding/weight loss

Inactivity/docility

Isolation from of other animals (in social species)

21
Q

Signs of Disease & Pain in

Rodents

A 
Piloerection
Hunched posture
‘Tucked up’ appearance
Dehydration (loss of skin elasticity)
Chromodacryorrhea in rats
Sunken or closed eyes
22
Q

PAIN (rodents)

A

May occur in the absence of disease or distress

May not be obvious unless severe

Variable signs according to species

23
Q

Additional Signs of pain - rodents

A 
Twitching
Lameness
Writhing
Staggering
Chewing
Head pressing
‘Pain face’
24
Q

Face signs - rodents

A

Eye closure or eye “squeezing”

Less bulging of the nose and cheek with eventual absence of the crease between the cheek and whisker pads

Ears fold, curl and angle forwards or outwards, resulting in a pointed shape. The space between the ears may appear wider

Whiskers move forward (away from the face and tend to bunch, giving the appearance of whiskers standing on end

25
Q

Signs of Disease & Pain in Fish

A 
Spots, ulcers etc. on skin
Bloating
Colour changes
Abnormal swimming positions
lack of response to external stimulation
Reduced feeding/weight loss/sunken belly
Increase in gill rate
Excessive fin movement
Clamped fins
Rubbing the affected area against the side of the tank
26
Q

Fish

Fungus

A

Saprolegnia

looks like velvet

27
Q

Fish

White spot

A

Ichthyophirius

28
Q

Fish

Fin rot

A

Aeromonas

Flexibacter

29
Q

Scoring Pain and Distress

A

Experience

Score sheets

Regular weighing (before and after procedure)

30
Q

Consequences of stress

Stress response involves a complex signalling pathway among neurons and somatic cells

A

raised cortisone/cortisol levels

counters insulin – raised glucose levels

weakening effects on the immune response

susceptibility to other diseases

inability to tolerate anaesthesia

lowered breeding rates

31
Q

What Effect does stress have on research?

A

Impact on physiological parameters

Influence tumour growth

Variability and false conclusions

AVOID what can be avoided

32
Q

How we avoid what can be avoided

A 
Supply young healthy animals
Ensure continued high health status
Avoid environmental stress
Avoid social stress
Provide environmental enrichment
Monitor GM animals
33
Q

PRODUCING HEALTHY ANIMALS

SELECTION OF ANIMALS

BREEDING TERMS

A

outbred

inbred 99% homozygous

F1 hybrid

mutant

genetically altered

34
Q

Outbred

A

not mated to close relatives

provides genetic variability

35
Q

Inbred

A

brother and sister mating

20th generation in mice

36
Q

F1 hybrid

A

cross 2 strains of animals

37
Q

mutant

A

random mutant, naturally occurring

need PIL and PLL

38
Q

Genetically altered

A

man-made mutant

need PIL and PLL

39
Q

PRODUCING HEALTHY ANIMALS

CATEGORIES OF HEALTH STATUS

A

SPECIFIED PATHOGEN FREE (SPF)

GNOTOBIOTIC

GERM FREE

CONVENTIONAL

40
Q

Specified pathogen free (SPF)

A

with list of pathogens it DOESN’T have

commonest

41
Q

Gnotobiotic

A 
few diseases
(lists what it does and doesn't have)
42
Q

Germ free

A

no disease

not even gut flora

43
Q

Conventional

A

don’t know what it does/doesn’t have

44
Q

PRODUCING HEALTHY ANIMALS

SPF Animals

HOW ARE THESE OBTAINED?

A

Caesarean rederivation
(removed just before time of birth)

Embryo transfer
(take young embryos from one mother and transplant into another)
45
Q

PRODUCING HEALTHY ANIMALS

CONTROL OF DISEASE

A

barriers and quarantine

46
Q

PRODUCING HEALTHY ANIMALS

CONTROL OF DISEASE

Barriers

A

isolate animals form other animals, staff and equipment

Rodents: Shower/change, sterilise items
IVC units
Fish: Bleached eggs. Limit contact between tanks: Use Separate equipment (where possible)

47
Q

PRODUCING HEALTHY ANIMALS

CONTROL OF DISEASE

Quarantine

A

imported animals

check health screens of imported animals and re-screen

48
Q

HEALTH MONITORING

Ensuring high health status

A 
Regular commercial screening
Sentinel Monitoring
Extra screening/pathology as necessary
Daily checks
Autopsy as required
49
Q

OBTAINING MEDICINES

A

VETERINARY MEDICINES REGULATIONS 2005

POM’s only from NVS
Requirement to keep records
Controlled drugs must be locked away
Disposal into labelled purple topped bins or via BSU

PIL (5 decks)

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